The Wrestling Of Amateur Wrestling - 1178 Words

First traces of local wrestling was 5 thousand years ago, during the Sumerians era. It was also reported that they fought with music There are also archaeological evidence that there was also wrestling in Ancient Egypt. This is were the first evidence of wrestling rules and refereeing. The Greek were the next to use wrestling, they used it more as a science and art. The athletes wrestled naked, covered in olive oil. This is the first representation of amateur wrestling we see today, as matches wee won when one competitor was sent down onto his back, hips, chest, keen or elbows. This was the first regional diffusion of wrestling as it spread across Greece as competitions were held all across the country. Amateur wrestling was one of the†¦show more content†¦During the Middle Ages and Renaissance wrestle was only done among the elite members, mainly in castles. The printing press was created in 1500, in 1512 the first wrestling manual was formed, it included how to make holds, rules, and it was in colour. The printing press allowed the manual to be spread all across Europe, amongst the rich. It has been documented that King Francis I beat King Henry VIII of England in a wrestling match in 1520, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Since then amateur wrestling has diffused to the USA, where it is a highly competitive sport in High school and college. Similarly it diffused to Russia and become a highly played sport. With the 1st national wrestling tournament occurring in the USA, New York City on 1888, and Saint Louis, MO is host to the first wrestling competition of our modern Olympic Games (1904). A reason why USA is one of the most dominant forces in wrestling is because it become the national body of Amateur Wrestling in 1983. Wrestling has diffused to Australia at a national scale, firstly in Canberra at the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). It has since spread across Australia to Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and more locally Perth. With wrestling schools in all the capital cities, with at least one school linked to the Australian government. The an example of local diffusion of wrestling is the Westling Western Australia (figure 1.0), which is

The Anti Vaccine Movement Paper - 1004 Words

Pierce Kurek Anti-Vaccine Movement Paper 4 September 2016 The first argument that I found compelling – in the manner that someone with little formal training in science might be susceptible to – was the claim that there are unnatural and dangerous chemicals and poisons in vaccines. Through looking at a short list provided by the Healthy Home Economist, you can see things that would make any parent nervous: formaldehyde, aluminum, mercury, antifreeze, and many more. These are dangerous chemicals, and the anti-vaccine movement argues that they should not be injected into the bloodstreams of children, which sounds absolutely reasonable. However, the key here is dosage. A large dose of anything can be dangerous; you can drown in water, or have your kidneys fail incurring hyponatremia if you drink too much water without replenishing sodium lost through sweat during intense exercise. The same principle occurs here. Formaldehyde is ever present in day to day life. It is found in car exhaust, household products such as carpets, upholstery, and paint, and even in cough drops and mouthwash. In low doses, it is not harmful. Aluminum is also consumed on a daily basis, with the average adult consuming 30 to 50 mg per day through food, drinking water, and medicines. Vaccines that contain aluminum typically contain .125 to .625mg, which is only 1% of what is consumed daily regardless of vaccination. Mercury is perhaps the easiest to dismiss, as it naturally exists in breast milk andShow MoreRelatedVaccination Of A Doctor s Office1064 Words   |  5 Pagesof vaccines; Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Subunit vaccines, and Conjugate vaccines. The first type of vaccine is the live, attenuated vaccine, which fights viruses. Examples of these types of vaccines include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. The second type of vaccine is the inactive vaccine, which also fight viruses. The inactivated polio vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine. The third type of vaccine is theRead MoreA Doctors Office1266 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped in the United States, but during this time rabies, plague, and cholera vaccines had been created. However, no regulations for how the vaccination was produced existed. This changed in 1902, when the U.S. Congress passed â€Å"an act to regulate the sale of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products.† In the 20th century, developing a new vaccination is a long, complex process, usually lasting 10-15 years. For a new vaccine to be tested and developed it has to go through multiple stages such as,Read MoreVaccination Is A Method Of Defense Against Infection Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesVaccination has been a method of defense against infection since the first smallpox vaccine was created in 1796. This vaccine paved the way for the future of infection protection that is current day vaccination. Vaccines are used to prevent pathogenic disease in many individuals w orldwide and are thought to be one of the most effective infection protection methods available. They are highly regarded in the scientific community for their safety, efficacy, ability to work cohesively with the immuneRead MoreMmr Vaccine And The Vaccine1281 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines; a more than spectacular development of science which has prevented countless numbers of diseases by giving one’s body an immunity to a microorganism by stimulating the body’s immune system and giving it the ability to recognize the pathogen as it enters the body to be more easily and readily destroyed. Autism, on the other hand, has not yet been fully linked back to a specific cause or reason. Because of this uncertainty, disgruntled parents have chosen to believe ideas with no scientificRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Measles Vaccine1133 Words   |  5 PagesPoking is Optional In 1998, British medical journal The Lancet, published a research paper written by Dr. Andrew Wakefield and his research partners. This particular paper stated that there was a direct link between autism, Gastrointestinal Decease and the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. It concluded that a specific mercury based preservative found in the vaccine caused neurological damage to some children (Wakefield). Numerous doctors and researchers of all kinds tried to duplicateRead MoreBenefits Of Getting Vaccinated Far Out Weigh The Risks Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: In recent years there has been a movement against giving vaccines to children, that now has nearly 40% of parents in the United States following along. But it is due to these vaccines that most children today have never experienced diseases such as polio or the measles such as their grandparents have. Since they have not seen these diseases, parents feel it is unnecessary to vaccinate them for fear of developing the possible side effects or because of reports they cause autism.Read MoreThe Epidemic Of The Anti Vaccination Movement861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epidemic of the Anti-Vaccination Movement In 1988, 350,000 cases of polio, an incurable virus that can cause permanent paralysis or death, were reported. In 2014, only 359 cases were reported (â€Å"Poliomyelitis†). The reason for this dramatic decline in cases was a global initiative to vaccinate children and eradicate the virus. No longer did parents have to warn their children away from crowded areas or swimming pools for fear of their child contracting polio. However, as the relief faded andRead MoreInformative Speech : Vaccinations Should Be Viewed As Essential For Protection Of Society1396 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood vaccines are one of the great triumphs of modern medicine. Indeed, parents whose children are vaccinated no longer have to worry about their child’s death or disability from whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis, or a host of other infections. Vaccines are the most cost-effective health care interventions there are. A dollar spent on a childhood vaccination not only helps save a l ife, but greatly reduces spending on future healthcare (Emanuel, 2011). Show Visual Aid - Vaccine PreventableRead MoreNegative Effects of Vaccinations Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pageshave become a very taboo subject for parents today. There is plenty of mis-information out there on the downsides of vaccinations, but none stand up to scientific inspection. Where has the concern about vaccinations come from? When the majority of vaccines were developed they were during a time when the nation or the world was fighting an epidemic. One such epidemic was Polio in the 1940’s and 1950’s in the United States. According to Peter Crosta, Polio is a highly contagious viral infection thatRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Vaccination1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthat getting vaccinated does save lives and out weights the concerns that the other group has. Through the course of this paper we are going to examine both sides to determine which side is more valid opinion than the other along with the risk we take by getting vaccinated and not getting vaccinated. In the end, what it all seems to come down to is does the benefits from the vaccine outweigh the risks that can come from getting it. Can vaccinations help prevent the spread of viruses and illnesses? There

An Analysis of Societal Conditions for Topography- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss aboutAn Analysis of Societal Conditions for Topography. Answer: Society is defined as a collective class of people bounded by certain societal relations. The people are characterized in having shared similarities in culture, languages, topography, religious affiliation and in the way of life (Hall, 2013). The essay outlines the fact to demonstrate social knowledge to reach upon an effective conclusion on the highly debated topic that whether human beings are autonomous free agents or are they conditioned and constrained by society. A discussion about the various types of constraints placed by society upon the lives of humans to stop them from being free autonomous agents has been explored in this essay to highlight the subject of this debated issue (Gelfand, 2012). In sociology, society is studied based on comparison and differentiation. From time immemorial, sociologists have categorized societies as first world, second world and third world based on living standards, modernization and per capita income. The modern concepts of sociology further categorizes society into post- industrial society, capitalist society, industrial society, knowledge society and many other such categorizations (Thompson, Hickey Thompson, 2016). Human beings are considered the most civilized unit residing in a society. In a society, humans live in close harmony and partnership with the other flora and fauna. Humans have come a long way from learning to lit fire to sending space missions in the universe. Undoubtedly, with this, humans have shown that almost nothing is unachievable through their industrious nature. Human beings definitely have the skills of courteous manners, quick rationale, the ability to quickly evolve and execute a plan, inculcate interesting hobbies and many more, but they are not free autonomous agents. They do not possess the complete liberty to do anything they want. In that case, a wild animal or a bird is freer than a human is. No wonder how much the world becomes an ideal place to live, there will always be certain constraints imposed by the society (Urry, 2012). In a way, human beings can be said to be the sweet puppets of society. From birth, human beings are subjected to the process of social conditioning. Little children are taught by their parents and their teachers as to what is socially acceptable and what is socially unacceptable. Children are expected to conduct their behavioral norms in accordance with the social norms. They are expected to attend and complete their school terms, college terms and even they opt for higher studies through the qualification of the required examination papers. It would be terribly unacceptable if they fail to follow the above course of life. Society would shun any non-followers and would brand them as social outcasts. It really does not matter whether the child has any other dreams or does not want to pursue the conventional educational course by heart. Society does not care and never delays to impose the constraints. After that, it becomes the sole objective in the life of a child, as he or she grows up. Society would not accept a wayward life. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constrained by society (Archer, 2013). After the completion of the educational phase, humans enter the professional phase. In the professional phase, they are again constrained by the society to conduct their work life in accordance with the organizational policies. Failure to do so would seriously jeopardize the career of an individual. In addition to this, an individual is expected to have a career. Unfortunately, the social status of a person depends upon acquired financial possession, which can be only be done by earning an income through honest means. This is the undefined rule of the society. Unlike animals, if a person just passes his life without doing anything substantial, then it becomes socially unacceptable. According to the societal norms, a person must be educationally qualified and must find an occupation where he or she can utilize the earned knowledge. A person not having a planned professional life earns nothing but disrespect. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constrained by society (Treiman, 2013). Simultaneously, with the constraint in the educational and professional course of life, human beings are also bounded by society to marry and have a family. A person who refuses to conform to the connubial norms of the society is not looked favorably in a society. The institution of marriage no doubt helps to stabilize the society and create a proper system of propinquity. It also places certain restrictions on the lives of both men and women, especially of women, in a subtle way. Unlike animals, human beings after being wedded are expected to live and behave in a certain societal manner. Moreover, it is always been the accepted norm that when two humans get married, they should live a happy life with shared responsibilities in finances, housekeeping, parenting of children, marital duties and others. Society does not sympathize with the victims of broken marriage or relationship. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constra ined by society (Beach Fincham, 2013). Thereby, from the discussion attempted in the above analysis, it can be concluded that society constantly places constraints at every step in the life of a human being to make them social puppets. No matter the level of advancement, that takes place in a society, these societal constraints would not go away from the lives of humans. Externally, it might seem that humans enjoy a perfect life of roses in the 21st century. Nonetheless, when inspection is done closely, it becomes evident that in reality, human society is a life full of painful thorns. Society is made up by humans. It can then be said that humans themselves are intolerant of other humans. Under the disguise of society, they place certain constraints on the lives of their fellow humans and cease them from being autonomous free agents. References Archer, M. S. (2013).Social origins of educational systems. Routledge. Beach, S. R., Fincham, F. D. (2013). Toward an integrated model of negative affectivity in marriage.The Heart Of The Matter: Perspectives On Emotion In Marital: Perspectives On Emotion In Marital Therapy, 227. Gelfand, M. J. (2012). Cultures constraints: International differences in the strength of social norms.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21(6), 420-424. Hall, J. R. (Ed.). (2013).Civil society: Theory, history, comparison. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, W. E., Hickey, J. V., Thompson, M. L. (2016).Society in focus: An introduction to sociology. Rowman Littlefield. Treiman, D. J. (2013).Occupational prestige in comparative perspective. Elsevier. Urry, J. (2012).Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge.

The Truman Doctrine free essay sample

According to womb. Historiographers. Co. UK/ Truman_doctrine, The Truman doctrine happened March 12, 1947. It was a speech by President Harry S. Truman. The Truman Doctrine gave economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey because they were threatened by communism. At this point in time there was already a policy trying to contain communism called the Containment Policy. The Containment Policy was a reaction to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand communist influence in Eastern European, China, Korea, and Vietnam.Similar to the containment policy the Truman doctrine of the United States was to support free people who are resisting being conquered by armed minorities or by outside pressures, which was said directly by President Truman. Truman had to convince congress that a crisis in two far away countries would threaten the security of the United States, and that four hundred million dollars was needed to save Greece and Turkey. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truman Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was going to be a very difficult task because the republicans had gotten into power in 1946 by cutting taxes and aid to overseas. Students Truman, Secretary of State George Marshall and undersecretary Dean Achaeans, who later became secretary of state, had to figure out a way to get America to understand that they needed to aid Greece and Turkey. Truman, Marshall, and Achaeans were among the most influential people in congress. Cohesions loyalty and coaching certainly raised Traumas confidence in foreign affairs but also elevated the authority of the brilliant entrepreneur at his side (Besides 106). The two mens partnership had much to do with the success and clarity of Traumas foreign policy (Besides 106).Dean Achaeans devised the policy, and wrote the request to congress for aid to Greece and Turkey. A speech that stressed the dangers or totalitarianism rather than Soviet aggression and marked fundamental change in American foreign policy has become known as the Truman Doctrine. Achaeans said If the Soviets can win in Greece and in Turkey then they would be in a position where there would be soviet pressure on Italy, on the Mediterranean, and once that pressure was established there would pressure Western Europe and pretty soon the United States would be standing alone. Achaeans figured he only way to get the republicans i n congress and the Americans on board for sending aid overseas was to scare the everyone. Scare them in the sense that if they do not send aid overseas that the United States would be alone and wouldnt have allies because they can potentially be conquered by communism spread by the Soviet Union. The beginning of the Truman Doctrine, President Truman began to outline the situation in Greece. He told congress Greece must have assistance if it is going to survive as a free nation, and become a self-supporting and a self-respecting democracy.Truman explained that without help Greece would shortly fall to communism and if Greece fell to communism Turkey would not be far behind. The key part of President Traumas speech was to explain and justify his change if foreign policy to congress. In order to do this he reminded congress that the Ignited States has fought World War II and joined the United Nations to protect freedom and democracy. Next he told congress that communism was growing. President Truman defined the Cold War as a conflict between good and bad, as a choice between capitalism and communism, as dictatorship and necromancy.Truman believed it must be the policy of the United States to support countries who resisted communism. Undersecretary Dean Achaeans explained to Truman that if the United states let one country fall to communism the surrounding countries would also fall to communism like dominoes. After Achaeans explain this to Truman, Truman then introduced that idea to the rest of the congress and American people, according to http:// history. State. Gob/departmentally/ Truman. The Truman Doctrine basically led into the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was to contain communism by eloping the economies of Europe to get stimulated again. The Cold War could have ended much worse if congress did not let the United States spend four hundred million dollars and aid Greece and Turkey. The Cold War could have only been avoided only if the Soviet Union had not been possessed by the convictions both of the infallibility of the communist world and of the inevitability of the communist world (Bellman 131). The Truman Doctrine is a primary source. It is a primary source because it was a speech by the president that is on video and there were many witnesses.It was a fact that he Soviet Union was trying to spread communism and it can be proven by government documents and policies. The Truman Doctrine is also an extremely reliable source because it is a proven fact that the United States President Harry S. Truman did make the speech and the United States did offer aid to Greece and Turkey so they did not fall to communism. One can find the Truman Document in the government archives today. Considering the fact that this was by the President of the United States it was written and spoken in the English language therefore, none of it was interpreted wrong. The Truman Doctrine free essay sample President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of Its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U. S. Historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. Moreover, it served as a precedent for future U. S. Logic of interventionism. According to Stephen Ambrose, an important quote from Traumas speech, l believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures, stands as all encompassing and would define American policy for the next generation and beyond. l Faced with Strong opposition, Truman Was still able to achieve a consensus in Congress aimed at quelling the communist threat through active foreign policy and involvement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truman Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Truman Doctrine not only demonstrated the new foreign policy of the U. S. But also helps to explain American foreign policy since the Doctrines inception. At the end of World War II, the military and foreign policies of the White House were moving in opposite directions. Militarily, the U. S. Adopted a position of rapid demutualization after the war. Meanwhile, Truman had a strong desire to meet the communist threat head on. Congress, however, did not share Traumas view of needing to meet the Communist challenge wherever it appeared. For example, Senator Robert Taft, a prominent Republican senator, expressed the current mood when he objected to any attempt by the Administration to divide the world into communist and anti- communist zones, for he did not want war with the Soviet Union. As for the sentiment of the American public, there was no denying that the majority of the American people did not want to embark on a Crusade. With opposition from not only the American public but also from Congress, President Truman had to take action in order to convince Americans of the reality of the Soviet threat, in addition to the threat of communism in general.In fact, Truman was even told that he would need to scare the hell out of the American people. He did just that with the Truman Doctrine. Truman showed the American people a legitimate threat to their way of life by creating the idea of us-versus-them, th e communist way of life versus the American capitalist lifestyle. From that point on, everyone was classified as either a IS. S. Supporter or as a communist. The Truman Doctrine fulfilled the American desire for all wars to be epic battles between light and darkness, good versus evil, which in the end unified most dissenters to Traumas cause.Nevertheless, the stipulations outlined in the Truman Doctrine did not accurately depict the development Of American society. In 1947, the U. S. Was a place of free institutions, representative government, and freedom of religion, in which society direction was strongly influenced by the will of the majority. However, the U. S. Was not a place that guaranteed individual liberties for everyone nor freedom from oppression. Yet even if Traumas words were not an accurate depiction of the direction of American society, they undoubtedly affected its progress.The Truman Doctrine facilitated future foreign entanglements such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War, which were justified by the need to defend inherent freedoms of foreigners, even though the freedoms of Americas own citizens were not guaranteed for all. Surely, when black soldiers were sent to these places of conflict to help fight for the freedoms of others, freedoms that they themselves did not possess at home, the irony did not go unnoticed. Another example of the Truman Doctrines inconsistencies with American society is found in the witch hunts of Senator Joseph McCarthy.Once again, while Truman spoke of protecting other peoples of the world from political oppression, he did not rotate US. Citizens from those very oppressions. In the Tidings Committee Report, which criticized McCarthy, it is written that: The spectacle (McCarthy) is one we would expect in a totalitarian nation where the rights of the individual are crushed beneath the juggernaut of static and oppression; it has no place in America where government exists to serve people, not to destroy them. S This statement demonstrates the extent of the problem in American society just a few years after Truman gave his speech concerning the superior freedoms present in the American way of life. Although developments in American society contradicted what Truman articulated in his 1 947 doctrine, the ideals he highlighted are, and have always been, ones that Americans like to think are deeply rooted in what it means to be a U. S. Citizen living in the land of the free. At the time Truman gave his speech, the three most important factors influencing his policy formation were the American monopoly on the atomic bomb, the disastrous state of Western Europe due to World War II, and the domino effect. It is debatable whether or not the U. S. Monopoly on the atomic bomb in the late 1 sass really put Americans at an advantage when dealing with the Soviets, however, its effect on the formation of U. S. Foreign policy is not. The creation of the atomic bomb, coupled with the idea that the Soviets could get their hands on this weapon, amplified the consequences of going to war with the Soviet Union.In fact, it alluded to the possible mutual destruction of the U. S. And the U. S. S. R. , as well as the planet, in doomsday scenarios feared by many. The state of Europe at the time was also an important factor because if the LLC . S. Did not take on the communist challenge there would be no one left to defend the free world. Since Western Europe played that same role earlier during both World Wars, it was time for the U. S. To take over, as Western Europe was devastated by WI.

Self Regulated Learning Essay Example

Self Regulated Learning Essay Example Self Regulated Learning Essay Self Regulated Learning Essay Learning Self-regulated learning can be defined as The process in which [a] student is cognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally active in his or her learning. (Zimmerman and Martinez-pond). While this concept is relatively new, many students have embraced it over the last few decades resulting in their success. I am one of those many students that embrace this concept; some aspects stronger than the others. Planning and organizing not only play a major role in my life as a student, but in my life in general. Though I often lack the confidence to ask questions hat provide a more thorough understanding of what I am trying to learn, the one aspect of my learning I can control is my learning environment. Being a non- traditional student with a full time Job can be as hard as a rock. It means I must plan and organize every moment of my day. When I have places to be, for example class, I calculate driving times and when I will be there. This planning measure provides me with a better perspective of what I will be able to accomplish before having to leave work. Along with scheduling, budgeting is another very Important priority. I calculate the cost of everything down to the last dollar. Being a college student, I have to continuously recalculate my budgets. For example, after completing my core requirements at Northeast State, I will be transferring to TEST to finish up my bachelors degree. When looking at the tuition and fees of TEST, according to the 2009-2010 TEST student handbook, a student could expect to pay $189 per [credit] hour not Including fees (undergraduate fees). In comparison, a student attending in the fall of 2014, they can expect to pay $263 per [credit] hour not including fees (undergraduate fees). That Is almost a 40% tuition Increase, which Is a cough pill to swallow. By arming myself with this knowledge I can plan and expect to Incur higher tuition fees by the time I transfer to finish my degree. I know It wont be as cheap as dirt, so I must plan to save where I can. By being as organized as a filing cabinet, I have the ability to plan the things I need to accomplish and organize my time and material so I can accomplish many things on time and correctly to work In the most efficient manner possible. When I was younger and In grade school Just Like In todays society kids were very mean. I wasnt a bad student or a slow reader, UT I had distinctive features, such as being as tall as a giraffe. Because I was taller than the majority of my classmates: I stood out. I was for many unkind comments. Because of that my confidence suffered. I do not Like to stand out for the fear of being Judged or degraded. It makes me as nervous as a cat In a room full of rocking chairs. Because of this lack of confidence my education sometimes suffers. If I dont understand the material or the concept being covered In class, I have a tendency to apply my own Interpretation versus asking the Instructor, which will not help me to master the material I desire to. One thing wealth my control Is my learning environment. Depending on what I am working on and what I need to accomplish, will determine what kind of learning environment I would require. If given an essay to complete, Just about anywhere can be my learning environment: If I am In my quiet environment, so I can concentrate and really hear what I am saying. When it comes to studying, I must have a somewhat quiet environment, not necessarily as quiet as a church mouse, Just somewhat quiet. While at home I have a designated study area where my husband knows if I am in there it is a do not disturb time. I have also found that very light and quiet classical music can help me to absorb the information I am reading. Just as every student is different, so are his or her their learning methods. I know for myself that planning and organizing helps me to see what needs and must be accomplished. I may not be comfortable enough to ask questions to better understand something I am trying to learn; I can however control my learning environment and the distractions that interfere. By practicing and using all the elements of self-regulated learning, I am confident I will be successful in my education.

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish

Hark, the Herald Angels Sing in Spanish Hark, the Herald Angels Sing is one of the hundreds of hymns written by Englishman Charles Wesley  in the 19th century. This song has been modified over the many years since; here are Spanish lyrics for two of the verses: Escuchad el son triunfal Escuchad el son triunfal de la hueste celestial:Paz y buena voluntad; salvacià ³n Dios os dar.Cante hoy toda nacià ³n la angelical cancià ³n;estas nuevas todos den: Nacià ³ Cristo en Belà ©n.  ¡Salve, Prà ­ncipe de Paz! Redencià ³n traà ­do has,luz y vida con virtud, en tus alas la salud.De tu trono has bajado y la muerte conquistadopara dar al ser mortal nacimiento celestial. English Translation of the Spanish Lyrics Listen to the triumphal sound of the celestial host:Peace and good will; God will give us salvation.Each nation, sing today the angelical song;Give this good news: Christ was born in Bethlehem. Hail, Prince of Peace! Redemption you have broughtLight and life with virtue, health in your wings.You have come down from your throne and conquered deathit order to give celestial birth to the mortal being. Translation Notes escuchad: If youve studied only Latin American Spanish, you may not know this verb form well. Its the second-person plural familiar imperative (command) form of escuchar, the form that goes with vosotros. This word, then, means you (plural) listen or simply listen. el son: This isnt related to son the verb, but is a word meaning sound. In everyday speech, youre far more likely to heard the word sonido. de: De is one of the most common of Spanish prepositions. It is almost always translated as of or from; either translation would work here. la hueste: This uncommon word has the same meaning as the English cognate host in the context of this song. In current usage, las huestes is a bit more common as a way of saying the army forces. buena voluntad: Goodwill. os dar: Os is an object pronoun meaning you (plural) that youll hear mostly in Spain, very little in Latin America, although it is still commonly used in Latin America for liturgical use. So salvacià ³n Dios os dar means God will give you salvation. cante: Cante here is a subjunctive form of cantar, to sing. Cante hoy cada nacià ³n could be translated as may each nation sing. toda: Toda is the feminine singular form of todo. In singular form, todo typically is the equivalent of each; as plural, it usually means all.: estas nuevas: Nuevas is one way of saying news, so estas nuevas would be this news. The word is plural even though it translates as singular in Spanish. den: This is a plural command or plural present subjunctive form of dar, to give. estas nuevas todos den: This sentence uses an inverted word order, which is fairly common in song lyrics and poetry. This sentence could be translated as may all give the good news. Belà ©n: The Spanish name for Bethlehem. It is not uncommon for cities, especially those known centuries ago, to have different names in different languages. salve: In this song, salve is an interjection of greeting, meaning something like Hail! in English. Redencià ³n traà ­do has: Another case of inverted word order. The typical structure would be Has traà ­do redencià ³n, you have brought redemption. Note that this verse is sung to the savior rather than about the savior as in the English version of the hymn. ala: An ala is a wing, as of a bird. This is a metaphorical usage here; en tus alas la salud could very loosely be translated as with healing on your wings. trono: Throne. has bajado: You have come down. Bajado here is an example of a past participle. la muerte conquistado: Another inverted word order. In normal speech, has conquistado la muerte would be more common for you have conquered death. Conquistado here is also a past participle. para: Para is a common preposition that is sometimes used to indicate the purpose or utility of a thing or action. As such, it sometimes is translated as in order to.   ser: Here, ser is functioning as a noun meaning being rather than a verb meaning to be. In Spanish, most infinitives can function as nouns. nacimiento: Birth. Nacimiento is a noun form of nacer, to be born.

Conduct a Search for Potential Research Sources Paper

Conduct a Search for Potential Sources - Research Paper Example Baby Boomers in the Middle: Analysis of Social Supports Among African-American Caregivers (Gadling, 2010), attempted to answer the critical question whether the caregiver burden is a predictor of social supports for African-American baby boomers. According to the researcher, many baby boomers are in the ‘middle’, which means that they are caught in between their young children and their aging parents because of the commitments and responsibilities that they have towards both these groups. Due to these care-giving obligations, they are not able to focus on their own needs. The research focused on the African American community to find out if the caregiver burden were high because of the low level of social support. The researcher conducted a thorough review of literature where the concepts of care giving care giving stress and the peculiar case of African American caregivers was highlighted. The research methodology was to conduct personal interviews to a group that had f our specific groups belonging to the age group of 45-55, the African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites, Latinos/Hispanics and Asian Americans. The theme of the research was around four key variables like social support, caregiver burden, quality of life and family obligation. Even though these variables provide an overall picture, it would have been better to include variables that specifically stand out for the African American community, rather than including it in the broad variable of quality of life. In addition, as the answers to the survey were collated through the process of interview. However, the questions were strictly close ended, just like in a survey. If some open ended questions were also included, it could have provided an added advantage of some qualitative results too (Creswell, 2007). The research concluded that family obligations, caregiver burden and quality of living as composite variables were not predictors of social support among African-American baby boomers. Social support had an intense effect on the caregiver; hence, social support can have a very high impact on the caregiver. Overall, the research was very elaborate and was carried under ethical considerations. In the research Baby Boomers' Needs and Preferences for Retirement Housing: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Elridge explores the options that Baby Boomers have in retirement housing and tries to understand their requirements. Through a qualitative approach, the researcher has a goal to understand the specific housing requirements of baby boomers with regards to the retirement housing configuration. The research also identifies an additional issue of a huge population approaching the retiring age and hence, adequate housing options are increasingly important. The researcher carried out the research through the Qualitative phenomenological Q-sort method, which is a study individualizing subjectivity as a part of the observation of a phenomenon. This is a very interesting m ethod of research because phenomenology as providing information based on lived experiences. Hence, this method would be able to add the element of subjectivity in the research. However, the researcher has conducted the research with only a very limited sample of 20 respondents. The assumption in the research is

Insuring Green Buildings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insuring Green Buildings - Research Paper Example In most occasions, it is easy for the insurance companies to accept, underwrite and process the loss handling for the homeowner by automating or simplifying the damage. The focus here is usually to get the sum insured and process the policies effectively (Yudelson, 2006). Most the time those selling the homeowner policies, they insurer do not necessarily look at the different building material for construction in the building, the construction classes or the ecological standard of the building. This is because, in case of a loss or damage, there may occur a dispute between the insured and the insurer regarding the extent in which the damage must be indemnified (Glavinich, 2008). If there is a need for more specification concerning the building construction, the insurance company sends their agents to ask more specifications of the construction process. Although the insurance companies have their agents who researches on the construction process, the agents are advised not verify certain details which may lead the insured to decline the policy and sign the policy with other competitors that ask few questions. Up to now, no study has provided statistical evidence supporting the stance that â€Å"green buildings† have a higher probability and severity of losses. Perhaps the effort to analyze green buildings in detail is not yet justified, given the actual number of owners of green buildings; however, the green buildings are more risky and carry higher claim expectancy (Glavinich, 2008). Residential building insurance mainly provides insurance cover for losses arising from fire, supply water and storm/hail events. Loss experiences, and consequently exposure evaluation and rating of homeowner risks are based on conventionally built houses, concrete, brick, steel and wood (Spiegel & Meadows, 2012). For example, in houses with thatched reed roofs, the probability of a

Embracing Technological Change Essay Example for Free

Embracing Technological Change Essay To what extent is embracing technological change the most significant factor in the future success of UK manufacturing businesses? Justify your answer with reference to your own research and the item above. (40 marks) Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. It can be argued that skills and other factors are considerably more important than technological change, for the future success of UK manufacturing businesses. Yet I disagree, I view technological change to be the most significant. In this essay, I am going to talk about several companies in which technology is vital. Firstly, within the Food sectors, technology is absolutely essential. This is due to the need to adapt, not only to changes in demand, but from a business perspective too. As in the food sector, technology allows for food manufacturers to lower costs, by having machinery doing menial tasks such as filling cans or producing such items such as Walkers Crisps. Walkers factory in Leicester is amongst the largest crisp production plants in the world, producing over 11 million bags of crisps per day and using 800 tons of potatoes. This process mostly uses machinery to cook, flavour and package the crisps, as humans would not be able to withstand the amount of work needed to fulfil the demand. Technology has allowed Walkers to move from hand-sliced and fried potatoes in the 1880s, to mass machinery production. This shows that technology has allowed them to produce new products, and with this change has provided investment allowing the business to further grow into a market leader. It is not only within the production of food stuffs that technology has changed businesses, but in selling the goods too, as Tesco and Asda, have also implemented technology into their processes. The large supermarkets use technology to implement processes such as lean production, which encompasses the â€Å"Just In Time† technique. Tescos have been able to use this so that storage isnt used up with unnecessary goods, as when an item is scanned at the checkout, it then logs into the computer, and when that item is low on stock, then an order is sent directly to the warehouse or supplier. This technique means that there is no wastage of stock, and reduces time wastage too as the manager doesnt need to assess the remaining stock throughout the day. Also, as robots are becoming cheaper  and slowly more advanced, it has seen the sales of them go up by 28% in 2013 in the food sector, once again showing how technology plays a large part in UK manufacturing. However, in contrast, technology isnt vital for Crockett Jones of Northampton. This shoe company was founded in 1879. It began with 20 employees hand cutting and tanning leather. As technology developed, the company did begin to use it, yet only on the smallest of tasks, in order to not lose the significance of the hand quality goods which they gained their reputation for. Despite not using a lot of technology, they still have implemented some, which shows again how important technological change is to UK manufacturing. Yet in the automotive sector, technology is viewed to be vital, as it allows from quality and precision to be improved greatly. This is shown in the case of Jaguar Land Rover, where they produce premium cars that provide excellent quality, whilst being assembled quickly. This has been successful due to the implementation of robotics and automation, whilst also reducing the costs of production too. The costs are reduced, because the business is seen to be more efficient due to the greater amounts of precision and lack of human error, which in turn reduces wastage. Another point as to why technology is significant in the automotive sector is that these advancements allow for each customer to have the exact car they want in the exact specification. For example, robotics for painting to be quicker, allowing for change to happen in the shortest possible time, again reducing time wastage. With this reducing costs, it means that these increased levels in profits can lead to future product development, such as giving more investment to RD to become more innovative, thus gaining a competitive advantage. The RD may lead to investments into such technologies as Green Technology, which encompasses a continuously evolving group o methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products, thus allowing products to be more sustainable. By doing this it allows for companies to meet the needs of society, which can continue into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. Already, green technology is playing a massive part in Uk manufacturing, with the  £60bn a year industry managing to save nearly  180,000 tonnes of CO2 in 2012. Toyota are leading the way for Green Technology in the UK, with their production plant situated in Wales. They produce the Prius, which, has near to zero emissions, which offers incentives from the government, such as lower road tax. Green Technologies have broadened the visionary design of the car of tomorrow, which if the UK wish to be market leaders, with a large customer base then they should further implement this technology available to them. The BMW i3 is a key example of this, as it is emissions free, and acts as a USP, heightening BMW’s success and allowing them to be market leaders. In contrast, companies such as Rolls Royce, pride themselves on quality, bespoke, hand-made vehicles. Despite being the only car manufacturer in the FTSE100, they invest 7.53% of their revenue in RD, yet they do not pride themselves on technology being needed as a USP. As it is said that each car produce by them is individual, as it is hand made, by well-trained craftsmen. Their premium price shows the prestige that they portray, and the amount of skill put into the cars. So this shows that Rolls Royce customers value quality above technology when they buy this car, which has lead to the business becoming so successful. On the other hand, in some sectors of UK manufacturing embracing technological change is not the most significant factor in the future success of UK manufacturing, as skills are required to incorporate the technology into the business. Skills may also be considered to be more important as they allow for quality and premium prices to be associated with some products. For example, I M Kelly, has become the centre of excellence for automotive interior leather trim within the United Kingdom, whilst also diversifying into Rail and Passenger Aircraft industries. The company was established in 1975 and its head office and main production facility is situated in Northamptonshire, a figure point for high quality leather. The company also has a second production facility on the outskirts of Coventry, which thus allows it to be closer to the centre of the UK allowing for easier transport and delivery to such automotive manufactures as Jaguar Land Rover, Bentley, Aston Martin and Lotus. These prestigious, premium brands illustrate the quality that I M Kelly produce, due to the high level of  skills from their employees. These skills are used in tandem with the up-to-date technology, allowing them to produce outstanding quality, and exceed their customer’s expectations. Due to the type of leather work carried out here, means that robots or machines cant sew small intricate stitches into the gear sticks, or along the steering wheel, again showing where skills are beneficial. The UK government have also seen to play an active role in promoting how important skills are, with David Cameron giving â€Å"fast-track’ visas to technology experts from outside of the UK. Whilst other businesses have called for increased investment into the education of scientists and engineers in schools, such as the Jaguar Land Rover apprenticeship scheme. Yet there are many sectors that do not require skills to be too important, meaning that skills are not vital for every co mpany. In conclusion, in the short term, it is arguable that skills are of utmost importance in progressing the future development of UK manufacturing, as it allows for the technology to be created and implemented. Shown by David Cameron being keen to fast track technology experts. Yet that statement also shows that the experts are needed for the technology only, so in the long term technology will be more significant. As the world is continually using up more of the natural resources, and their being a greater need for the reduction of wastage and emissions, it is clear that technology is the only way to achieve this. As it was due to old technologies that this â€Å"mess† occurred in the first place. Therefore by using technology to become innovative, to reduce costs and attract more demand, it will lead to UK manufacturing businesses to be more successful. Which will allow for manufacturing sectors to become world market leaders.

Television Violence Essay -- Papers TV Media Violent Essays

Television Violence Does the violence you see on TV effect how you operate during the day? Does violence seen on TV effect the brain and behavior of our nation?s youth? That is the question on hand for this essay. The study of TV violence is important to our communities and nation not only because it is influential to the way our children think and perceive the world, but also because it needs to come to a stop. What is extremely interesting is how long this has been an issue in our communities. Not only that, but there are statistics, stories of mom?s about their children and their influences, a TV Ratings System, Web-Sites, editorials, and more circulating the Internet and literature worlds with information about TV Violence. It is time for you to join the circulation. According to the American Psychological Association, ?the average American has seen 8,000 televised murders and 100,000 acts of violence by the end of elementary school and has watched about 22,000 hours of TV and approximately 18,000 murders in the media by the end of high school?(Sherrow, 7). It is stated that ?25 million households in the United States experience a violent crime or theft in a given year. And As of 1993, there were about 24,500 murders each year (on average, 470 a week) in America? (Sherrow, 10). And from the same book are the following upsetting facts: ?Thirteen children, on average, die each day in a murder, suicide, or accident involving guns... School violence has risen with more than 100,000 cases of students assaulting teachers and more than 3 million assaults, rapes, and thefts each year. Damage to school property totals about $600 million annually? (Sherrow 10). The question is, are television programs behin... ...ces.? . Manson, Marilyn. Columbine: Whose Fault Is It?. Gurl-Pages.com. First published Rollingstone Magazine, Issue 815, June 24th, 1999. . Levine, Madeline. Viewing Violence: How Media Violence Affects Your Child?s and Adolescent?s Development. New York: Double Day. 1996. Michigan State University (MSU). Interactive Guide for Parent?s on Television Content Ratings. . Rarey, Matthew A. Find Articles.com. ?V-Chip Investment.? . Saunders, Kevin. ?Television Violence Causes Societal Violence.? Mass Media: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Byron L. Stay. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. 1999. Sherrow, Victoria. Violence and the Media: The Question of Cause and Effect. Brookfield: The Millbrook Press. 1996. University of Indiana School of Journalism. Good Guys, Bad Guys and TV News: How Television and Other Media Promote Police Violence.

Jeremy Kassissieh Essay

It’s new, it’s realistic and it’s an amazing story that will raise your expectations. Puffin books presents to you, The Fifth Quest. This fantastic book has to definitely be one of my favourites. I really enjoyed how this fantastic writer Debra Oswald, tried to express her extraordinary ideas. Before I read this book, I never really liked books of this genre. But something changed; this book has made an impact on my interest because of the way it is written, it is very different to other books. This book would be classified in the dramatic genre. This novel is about two ordinary girls, who are die-hard fans of â€Å"Quests†. So Nadia, a wishful actress forces Rosie to come for her support. Rosie is amazed when she scores the dream role of being Maya, who is the apprentice of Ashtari. As a result, Rosie soon becomes a major star and starts to adapt to show business. She and Nadia’s friendship is wearing out and they soon realise that there is no communication between them. But Rosie discovers that show business is cruel at times. And she finds herself wrapped in misery. But through all of that pain Rosie is guided by her friends and mother. Rosie manages to restore her life back to its genuine state, including her friendship with Nadia. Through the book you are taken on a journey of the actual show and reality. This book is written so well that it makes every use of your own imagination. There are many unique themes that run continuously throughout this book. Some of these themes include, jealousy, trusting others, betrayal and friendship and its importance. In this brilliant novel, these themes are explored rapidly. Jealousy, in the story would be classified as the main them. Jealousy is played when, ‘Anita Hardy tries to get rid of Rosie. Anita is very jealous of Rosie starting to build up fame, so she talked Rick La Spina (producer of the Quests) to cut Rosie’s scenes short. ’ Jealousy is played, where ‘Nadia was informed that Rosie scores the dream role of being Maya. Nadia is extremely disappointed and at the same time very jealous, because she did not get the role she wished for. ’ Another significant theme that runs through the book is, trusting others. In the novel you’ll notice as you read on, Rosie trusts Neil Tesich with all her heart. Neil is an extraordinary friend that a person could ever wish for. In the story Neil acts like Rosie’s mentor. When a difficult hardship crosses Rosie’s way, Neil was always there to ease the pressure. Oswald developed Rosie’s character by making her trust Neil’s advice. By Rosie’s friendship with Neil, it gave her a different point of view in life. In my opinion, I believe Neil is a mature role model to all people of all ages. I immensely enjoyed how the writer portrayed every character in their own way. Anita’s features include her being worthy at some stages, caring, immature, rich and jealous. A good way to think of Anita is summarised through these words, spoken by the Neil Tesich character – ‘even though there are bad features that Anita displays, she is still not a bad person. She just has a lot going on with her life. ’ Oswald developed Anita as a very busy person, who always developed side-affects due to heavy workloads. This outstanding writer, Debra Oswald has significantly made an impact on my interest. She has successfully achieved this, because of the way this book is written. The Use of metaphors, similes and repetition was used in an outstanding manner. There are many more great techniques that this writer composed in this novel. By her completing this, it greatly portrays the actor’s movements throughout the book. As a result of this, the way the book is written, made it so unpredictable for you to uncover what will happen. This really grabs your attention and it definitely inspires you to read more. To me, it is in my opinion that the whole novel is great. I was very entertained while I was reading this novel. The reason for this is that the writing is very satisfying as well as suspenseful. Evaluating my most favourite part of the book would be exceptionally difficult. Overall, to choose my most favourite part of the novel, it would definitely have to be the part where Rosie and Nadia were at the set, at the same time. I particularly enjoyed reading this part of the novel because it is very descriptive and also exceedingly suspenseful. By reading this novel, it can teach children and adults many things. Some of these things include: making correct decisions in life, how to make a positive relationship and how to trust others. Overall I enjoyed reading this book and I will look forward to read more of Debra Oswald’s novels. So I would recommend that you read it to, because I know you will be impressed.

American Parties Essay

The Republican secession affected the vote in some of the Western States but the Democratic â€Å"bolt† was more significant. It took two forms: one, the nomination of separate candidates for President and Vice President known as gold Democrats, and the other votes given directly to McKinley as the surest means of beating Bryan. There is no question that business was much depressed publicans had hoped to charge this condition to the Democratic administration and to the Tariff bill of 1894, and therefore McKinley, who represented protection more than any other man in the country, was the logical candidate. He was the â€Å"advance agent of prosperity† and promised the â€Å"full dinner pail†; prosperity was to be secured by a return to the protective tariff of the Republican party. A few Gold Democrats made a vigorous campaign, especially in the border states where the vote was likely to be close, but in general the party suffered from the closeness of the contest. A rumor on election eve that labor was swinging heavily to Bryan led many thousands of Democrats to shift their votes from Palmer to McKinley. Cleveland advised Gold Democrats to support Republican electors in doubtful states; and Palmer declared publicly that he did not consider it â€Å"any very great fault† if his hearers voted for McKinley. The result was a pitiful 131,000 votes for Palmer, less than 1 per cent of the total and 10,000 fewer than the Prohibition party polled. Even so, many Gold Democrats were well satisfied. Atkinson claimed it as an acknowledged fact that McKinley had been elected by the Gold Democrats. Wheeler insisted that they had polled enough votes in Indiana, Kentucky, and Maryland to give those states and a majority in the electoral college to McKinley, though others have doubted whether this was true in any state but Kentucky. Certainly a nucleus of â€Å"true† Democracy had been preserved for 1900. Leaders like Atkinson were sanguine. â€Å"Heretofore,† he wrote, â€Å"both the old political parties have truckled to the ilver states; hereafter, the National Democratic party will, like the old Free Soil party, hold the balance of power, and although small in number, they will in a forceful manner control events. † In the campaign of 1884, the Republicans again vigorously advocated the doctrine of Protection, protesting against indiscriminate horizontal reduction, but pledging themselves to correct the irregularities of the Tariff and reduce the surplus â€Å"without injuring the laborer or the great productive interests of the country. † The Democrats carefully avoided their blunder of 1880, when they flatly favored a tariff for revenue only. They devoted a long paragraph to the customary abuse of the opposing party and then explained that they meant to reduce taxation so that it â€Å"shall not exceed the needs of the Government economically administered,† and that this â€Å"can and must be effected without depriving American labor of the ability to compete successfully with foreign labor. † McKinley carried the New England States, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania by large majorities. The Middle Western States gave him their electoral votes. He invaded the solid South, carrying Delaware, Kentucky, West Virginia and Maryland, Maryland by an imposing plurality. Bryan carried Kansas and Nebraska, all the mining States except California, and also Washington, while Oregon voted for McKinley. North Dakota did likewise, while South Dakota gave her electoral vote to Bryan by a small plurality. Ohio, the State of McKinley and Hanna, was a disappointment to the Republicans. While they never regarded seriously the boasts of the Bryanites that they would carry the State, yet her plurality, being less than that of Michigan and about one third that of Illinois, showed that Ohio was somewhat uncertain. For, in the August forecast, Michigan was set down as very doubtful and, while Illinois was considered less doubtful, she was not regarded, like Ohio, as safe beyond peradventure for McKinley. Bibliography Binning, William C. 1999. Encyclopedia of American Parties, Campaigns and Elections. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT. Boller, Paul. 1984. Presidential Campaigns. New York: Oxford University Press. Felt, Thomas E. 1960. â€Å"The Rise of Mark Hanna†, Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Michigan State University. Kelly, Patrick J. 2003. The Election of 1896 and the Restructuring of Civil War Memory. Civil War History 49 (3).

11 Unethical Interview Questions You Dont Need to Answer

11 Unethical Interview Questions You Dont Need to Answer Yes, it’s an interview and you’re trying your best to be a people-pleaser. But that doesn’t mean letting someone ask you information that’s off-limits. Sometimes â€Å"innocent† questions about your hobbies and your kids can just  feel like small talk, but are secretly a trap to get you to divulge information that could affect your chances. Asking certain things outright can be considered discrimination and is explicitly not allowed by government regulation.Be vigilant for the following 11  unethical interview  questions and have a swerve answer prepared.  The best rule of thumb? If there’s a question that doesn’t seem relevant to your duties or performance or how well you’d fit into the company or role, dodge it.1. â€Å"What does your husband/wife do?†Some states actively prohibit discrimination on the grounds of marital status. These types of questions are usually asked in order to discriminate against women, w ho might become pregnant or have child care concerns that single candidates wouldn’t. Avoid answering anything that seems to assess whether you have a spouse at all.2. â€Å"Are you pregnant?†First of all, it’s rude to ask. Second, refer to the above. Any question of your kids, your plan to eventually have kids, or your childcare routines are to be avoided for the same reasons.3. â€Å"Do you have a disability that might interfere with your job performance?†(Or anything about a disability or a pattern of illness, i.e. sick days, workers’ comp claims, mental health problems, etc.) These might seem like valid questions, but it is illegal to ask any questions which would reveal the existence of a disability before the job offer is made.4. â€Å"Have you ever been arrested?†Again, some states explicitly prohibit this. And in some cases, questions like these are used to discriminate against minority candidates- which is even worse than just discr iminating against felons, and actually illegal.5. â€Å"What year did you graduate?†This is a sneaky way of figuring out your age. And age discrimination is not a good thing. It’s been federally prohibited since 1967 (at least as applied to people over the age of 40). Bottom line: you don’t ever have to disclose your age.6. â€Å"Are you in a union?†You have a right to join a union and it is not okay to try and prohibit you from doing so. You should not be questioned about your union membership or intention to acquire one, so don’t answer any questions that could give that information out.7. â€Å"Would you take a genetic test?†It is totally illegal to ask you for genetic information, as of 2008. It is also illegal to ask about your family members. You are not in any way required to take any test or give your potential employer any information about your genes.8. â€Å"Where is your name from?†These questions are aimed at figuring out your ethnic background. Other questions like this are â€Å"What other languages do you speak?† or â€Å"What was your first language?† Racial discrimination is to be frowned upon. Don’t be a party to it.9.â€Å"Where do you worship?†Or: â€Å"What days do you worship?† This might be evidence of your employer trying to figure out what your faith is. They might be legitimately curious on a personal level, but you are not required to- nor should you- say. It could be a potential means of religious discrimination- and illegal according to the Civil Rights Act.10. â€Å"Will you take a polygraph?†Most employers are federally not allowed to ask you to take a lie detector test as a condition of employment- or to be fired, not hired, or disciplined for refusing. You can thank the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 for this.11. â€Å"What do you currently make?†There’s a new equal pay law in Massachusetts that makes asking this illegal. But you’re not required to answer it anywhere else either! Try pivoting instead with a line like, â€Å"I’d prefer to discuss money a little later; right now I’m just interested in whether this is a good fit for both of us. I’m sure we’re on the same page.†

Resume Writing, FUN Yes! Here Are My Top 7 Ways

Resume Writing, FUN Yes! Here Are My Top 7 Ways On May 12th, I presented a webinar for Yale alumni on the Top 7 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! Does this sound like an event you’d want to attend?  (Spoiler: Keep reading for a link to watch it!) Top 7 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! Speaker: Brenda Bernstein, Yale College Alumna and Certified Executive Resume Master / Certified Master Resume Writer It’s time to write or edit your resume. Do you greet this project with enthusiasm or do you scream AAARGH!? Whether you are a new grad, a career changer, or a senior executive, you probably have at least a little resistance to writing the most important career document of your life. The good news: Resume writing does not have to be a drag. In this webinar, Brenda Bernstein will give you her Top 7 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! PLAY the Resume GAME SPICE UP your formatting POWER UP your verbs DISCOVER Resume Tetris GO on a treasure hunt TURN worry into CREATIVITY And GET the JOB Have FUN and write a winning resume at the same time. Don’t miss this opportunity to take the AAARGH out of resume writing! If you answered Yes that you wish you could have been on this webinar, you’re in luck! The Yale Office of Career Strategy was generous enough to give me permission to share the link to the recording. So as a break from my weekly written articles, I’m sharing this webinar with you today. Enjoy (and don’t mind the bulldog images sprinkled throughout the slide deck)! CLICK  BELOW TO WATCH Note: The discount offer in the webinar has expired, but the $50 Resume Review and $50 LinkedIn Profile Review services are still available to you! You can sign up for those here: Resume Review Special LinkedIn Profile Review Special Let me know if you have any questions or other suggestions for playing the resume writing game. I look forward to your comments!

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion - Assignment Example In this context, power exists in three phases i.e. coercive, reward, and legitimate. In the same way power is often realized when somebody in the organization or military setting has knowledge or ability in a given area over the rest of the people. In a way, the other people depend on such knowledge and this creates a sense of power in the person. Similarly, the ownership of valuable information in a given field is normally a direct source of power that is often exercised by many people. In most situations, it is often realized that power emanates from actions that are geared towards the five bases of power. These include reward, coercive, legitimate, and expert and referent power. Actions in these respects are normally very important sources of power and people are often drawn into situations of influence over the rest. In any case, the extent to which somebody exercises their power and influence over the rest is normally the most important parameter in the context of power dynamics. Power can always be used wrongly by certain people if structures are not in place to control such power. In the same way power has always been used effectively by other people create positive

Paradise Now Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paradise Now - Movie Review Example The movie is basically about terrorists who choose to blow themselves up for a cause or in other words who execute the suicide bombings. The director has tried his level best to explain situations which turn people into terrorists, when a person has no other option but to give up his life to prove a point such a situation is the most desperate one and only in such a situation a person becomes a terrorist. It would be very unfair to say that the director is sympathetic to murderers and is approving suicide missions through this movie, he has tried his best to bring out the root cause of why people turn to terrorism, and if we are to stop terrorism we have to understand it's root cause and we have to understand the feelings of the people who have no other option but to blow themselves up to send a message to people who do a lot of injustice to them. The movie has very interesting characters, like Khaled, Said, Suha and Jamal. Khaled and Jamal are childhood friends and share a good chem istry. They live in a town called Nablus. The most interesting character of the movie is without a doubt Said; he remains very serious and focused in the whole movie. Both Said and Khaled had no concrete work to do, so they engaged themselves in a garage and took care of the cars. This film turned many a head by being the first Palestinian film to be nominated for the Academy award in the category of the best foreign film. The film shows why people turn to terrorism, what are the various factors involved in transforming the people and making them do the unimaginable. Jamal meets Said to prepare him and his childhood friend Khaled to carry out suicide attacks in Tel Aviv, Israel. He said "We decided to answer the assassination of Abu Hazem and Um Jaber's son who died in the bombings." (Paradise now 2005). He motivates Said by saying "If you fear death, you are already dead." (Paradise now 2005). Said had a good enough motive to carry out the suicide attacks, his father was a collaborator and worked for the Israelis, he was executed by them. He quotes "I was born in a refugee camp, life here is like imprisonment. The crimes of the occupation are countless; the worst crime of all is to exploit people's weaknesses and to turn them into collaborators" (Paradise now 2005). He firmly believed that his father was a very good man but he was made weak by being a collaborator by the Israelis. He wanted to send a loud and a clear message to the Israelis by giving up his life. Both he and Khaled prepared themselves for executing the task. Suha another import ant character in the movie gets to know about all this, she convinces Khaled to back out of this mission and he convinces his friend Said to do the same. Said plays a trick on Khaled, khaled returns to his handlers but Said goes on with the plan. With an explosive belt hanging on his body, he decides to get into a bus and blow the whole bus up but he restricts himself on seeing a kid in the bus. "If there is no security for us, there will be none for them either. There power does not help them" (Paradise now 2005). Said said these lines and these lines are a good enough indication of what exactly was going on in his mind. He had a motive of revenge, which is very dangerous and a very

MGMT402 U 5 DB2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT402 U 5 DB2 - Research Paper Example When a person uses this information to judge an individual based on the analysis of the group’s information, then it can be called statistical discrimination. Unconscious bias takes place when an employer takes perceived notions about a specific group of people and makes use of the notions to influence decisions. These two sorts of discrimination show similarity in that they are both involuntary means of discrimination. Statistical information is presumed to be factual, but they should not be used as determinants of hiring practices. The information used in unconscious bias in the society is in the form of societal influences and personal experiences (Delahaunty, &Foote, 2011). Both theories do not support the need for antidiscrimination laws and policies. This is because they are based on assumptions that discrimination is a function of psychological processes. The support of antidiscrimination laws and policies requires the defense of the principles that are normative and which justify the application of the laws to the forms of discrimination. The law has raised standards aimed at the elimination of discrimination at work (Delahaunty, &Foote, 2011). This has created an impact towards reduction of discrimination determined by psychological processes. New antidiscrimination laws have provided an attitude in the minds of both employers and employees. The distance in power at the workplace instills fear of the minority groups who fear losing their jobs, hence do not report any form of discrimination. Antidiscrimination laws based on religious beliefs are not relevant to the current times. The laws provide that certain members should not attend work on certain days for them to worship. Most of the employees take advantage of their employers, in that, they neither attend work nor attend worship meetings. Most of the employees use their time to unwind. Current exemptions for such employees based on religion are arbitrary and outdated. Nobody

Endotracheal Intubation to Supraglottic Airway Device

Endotracheal Intubation to Supraglottic Airway Device Discussion Response 1 Much debate has occurred recently about high failure rates and adverse effects associated with pre-hospital paramedic endotracheal intubation. Should ETT be removed entirely and replaced with supraglottic airways? Maintaining an airway in a safe and effective manner is critical in pre-hospital management of the patient in respiratory distress. The debate regarding the most appropriate device to manage this situation in the pre-hospital setting will continue as devices and education and training of paramedics continues to improve. This discussion compares the failure rates and adverse effects of endotracheal intubation to supraglottic airway devices and discusses the possibility of removal of endotracheal tubes in favour of the use of supraglottic airways. The indications for endotracheal intubation for Victorian Paramedics are cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, GCS greater than or equal to 10 with suspected airway burns (a consult is required), GCS less than 10 due to respiratory failure, neurological injury, overdose, status epilepticus, hyperglycaemia with blood glucose level reading high or suspected airway burns. The paramedic requires clinical experience to recognise the 5 main indicators for intubation failure to ventilate, failure to oxygenate, inability to protect against aspiration, inability to maintain airway patency or predicting patient deterioration to respiratory failure (Lafferty Dillinger, 2016). Intubation success rates range from 69% to 98.4% the variation accounts for the level of education, training and case exposure. The success rate or lack thereof is directly proportional to the amount of education, training and case exposure received (Jacobs Grabinsky, 2014 and Piegeler, et al., 2016). In Australian studies it was found that Victorian HEMS based paramedics who underwent extensive training that included hospital based practice (Bernard S. A., et al., 2015) attained 97% (Bernard S. , Smith, Foster, Hogan, Patrick, 2002) 100% (Andrew, et al., 2015) success rate. These intubations showed improvements with oxygen saturation, end tidal carbon dioxide levels, blood pressure (Bernard S. , Smith, Foster, Hogan, Patrick, 2002) and pain scores (Andrew, et al., 2015). There is a recommendation from the European Resuscitation Council that only well trained and experienced paramedics should perform endotracheal intubation and alternate airway devices should be used by less trai ned paramedics (Schalk, et al., 2012). Failure to maintain competency of this skill increases the risk of errors eliminating the benefits of endotracheal intubation and results in a negative patient outcome (Tiah, et al., 2014). Endotracheal intubation is performed to ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation also to avoid aspiration of gastric contents or blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Piegeler, et al., 2016) and when the airway is threatened due to oedema in the setting of facial burns or suspected inhalation burns (Price Milner, 2012). Improved patient outcomes were demonstrated when endotracheal intubation was successfully achieved compared to those with a supraglottic device, there was a higher incidence of return of spontaneous circulation, survival to hospital admission, neurologically intact, survival to hospital discharge. (Benoit, Gerecht, Steuerwald, McMullan, 2015). Temporary harm from airway management is common however serious injury is not (Cook MacDougall-Davis, 2012). Complications attributed to endotracheal intubation are commonly hoarseness and sore throat, however patients can also experience lip swelling, laceration and bleeding, tongue laceration and bleeding, oral bleeding, dental damage, gingival bleeding, and pharyngeal bleeding (Toda, Toda, Arakawa, 2013). Failed intubation is associated with oxygen desaturation, hypertension, admission to ICU and complications at extubating (Cook MacDougall-Davis, 2012). The risks associated with out of hospital endotracheal intubation are pulmonary aspiration, delay in transport due to several attempts, tube misplacement or difficult airway management. In these cases, where an invasive and time consuming technique may delay definitive care it may be more appropriate to utilise a supraglottic airway device as an alternative (Piegeler, et al., 2016). The indications for the use of a supraglottic airway device are unconscious patient without gag reflex, ineffective ventilation with BVM and oro- or nasal-pharyngeal airway, predicted greater than 10 minutes assisted ventilation required, or unable to intubate or difficult intubation (Ambulance Victoria, 2016). Many studies indicate a less than 1% failure rate of supraglottic airway devices (Cook MacDougall-Davis, 2012) this is due to the lower education and training requirement and the device being less invasive (Jacobs Grabinsky, 2014). The failure rates were contributed to airway soiling and aspiration before paramedic treatment commenced. Proficiency of use is quickly attained (Haske, Schempf, Gaier, Niederberger, 2013), the device is faster to insert with higher success rate (Duckett, Fell, Kimber, Taylor, 2014) decreasing interruptions during a cardiac arrest and ventilation is possible with continuous compressions (Haske, Schempf, Gaier, Niederberger, 2013). The i-gel is a 2nd generation supraglottic airway device that exerts very low pressures on the pharyngeal mucosa resulting in low incidence of airway complication such as hoarseness and sore throat (Michalek, 2013). The major concerns of the use of any supraglottic airway device is the potential for air leak, airway, vocal cord and soft tissue injury, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia (Jacobs Grabinsky, 2014) and aspiration of gastric contents (Piegeler, et al., 2016). This generation of device is designed with a channel to insert a gastric tube to drain the stomach contents or air (Michalek, 2013) to prevent aspiration. Comparing placement success and time to ventilate when comparing unassisted endotracheal intubation and supraglottic airway device (Frascone, et al., 2011), hospital admission and survival to hospital discharge, and neurological or functional status (Tiah, et al., 2014) there is no significant difference between the two types of devices (Frascone, et al., 2011 and Tiah, et al., 2014). In the metropolitan setting of paramedic practice there is a solid argument for the cessation of endotracheal use in favour of a supraglottic device. The low level of education and training required to ensure proficiency, fast insertion time and the addition of the gastric tube channel along with the shorter transport times to definitive care indicates that a supraglottic airway is most appropriate airway device. References Ambulance Victoria. (2016). Clinical Practice Guidelines for Ambulance and MICA Paramedics (Revised Edition ed.). Doncaster, Victoria, Australia: Ambulance Victoria. Retrieved March 19, 2017 Andrew, E., de Wit, A., Meadley, B., Cox, S., Bernard, S., Smith, K. (2015, July/September). Characteristics of patients transported by a paramedic-staffed helicopter emergency medical service in Victoria, Australia. Prehospital Emergency Care, 19(3), 416 424. doi:10.3109/10903127.2014.995846 Benoit, J. L., Gerecht, R. B., Steuerwald, M. T., McMullan, J. T. (2015). Endotracheal intubation versus supraglottic airway placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arret: A meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 93, 20 26. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05.007 Bernard, S. A., Smith, K., Porter, R., Jones, C., Gailey, A., Cresswell, B., . . . St Clair, T. (2015). Paramedic rapid sequence intubation in patients with non-traumatic coma. Emergency Medicine Journal, 32, 60 64. doi:10.1136/emermed-2013-202930 Bernard, S., Smith, K., Foster, S., Hogan, P., Patrick, I. (2002, December). The use of rapid sequence intubation by ambulance paramedics for patients with severe head injury. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 14(4), 406 411. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00382 Bernhard, M., Mohr, S., A., W. M., Martin, E., Walther, A. (2012, February). Developing the skill of endotracheal intubation: implication for emergency medicine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 56(2), 164 171. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02547 Cook, T. M., MacDougall-Davis, S. R. (2012). Complications and failure of airway management. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 109(S1), i68 i85. doi:10.1093/bja/aes393 Duckett, J., Fell, P., Kimber, C., Taylor, C. (2014). Introduction of the i-gel supraglottic airway device for prehospital airway management in a UK ambulance service. Emergency Medicine Journal, 31, 505 507. doi:10.1136/emermed-2012-202126 Frascone, R. J., Russi, C., Lick, C., Conterato, M., Wewerka, S. S., Griffith, K. R., . . . Salzman, J. G. (2011). Comparison of prehospital insertion success rates and time to insertion between standard endotracheal intubation and supraglottic airway. Resuscitation, 82, 1529 1536. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.07.009 Haske, D., Schempf, B., Gaier, G., Niederberger, C. (2013). Performance of the i-gel during pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resiscitation. Resuscitation, 564, 72 77. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.04.025 Jacobs, P., Grabinsky, A. (2014, January March). Advances in prehospital airway management. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science, 4(1), 57 64. doi:10.4103/2229-5151.128014 Lafferty, K. A., Dillinger, R. (2016, December 30). Rapid Sequence Intubation. (R. P. Byrd, Ed.) Retrieved March 19, 2017, from Medscape: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80222-overview#a1 Michalek, P. D. (2013). The I-Gel Supraglottic Airway. Nova Science Publishing Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2017, from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vu/detail.action?docID=3022405 Piegeler, T., Roessler, B., Goliasch, G., Fischer, H., Schlaepfer, M., Lang, S., Ruetzler, K. (2016, May). Evaluation of six different airway devices regarding regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) A human cadaver pilot study. Resuscitation, 102, 70 74. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.02.17 Price, L. A., Milner, S. M. (2012). The totality of burn care. Trauma, 15(1), 16 28. doi:10.1177/1460408612462311 Schalk, R., Auhuber, T., Haller, O., Latasch, L., Wetzel, S., Weber, C. F., . . . Byhahn, C. (2012, January). Implementation of the laryngeal tube for prehospital airway management: training of 1,069 emergency physicians and paramedics. Der Anaethesist, 61(1), 35 40. doi:10.1007 Tiah, L., Kajino, K., Alsakaf, O., Bautista, D. C., Ong, M., Lie, D., . . . Gan, H. N. (2014, November). Does Pre-hospital Endotracheal Intubation Improve Survival in Adults with Non-traumatic Out-of hospital Cardiac Arrest? A Systematic Review. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, XV(7), 749 757. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.9.20291 Toda, J., Toda, A. A., Arakawa, J. (2013, October 17). Learning curve for paramedic endotracheal intubation and complications. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(38). doi:10.1186/1865-1380-6-38

Fashion and Reflexive Advertising Essay -- Alienation Advertisements A

Ads are ubiquitous. Contemporary media-literate audiences know that one-third of a half-hour sitcom will be commercials, that magazines will contain more ads than articles, and that they will be bombarded with advertisements on the internet. The pervasiveness of ads has created spectators who are: "increasingly media-literate, cynical, and alienated...and because the number of ads continues to increase (clutter), advertising has undermined its own effectiveness by unintentionally negating the ability and the desire of viewers to respond" (Goldman and Papson, 83). Advertisers have appropriated this post-modern discourse of alienation, giving it a sign value that they can attach to their product. Alienation consequently becomes a means through which advertisers can differentiate their product; consumers can claim to distance themselves from consumer culture and individuate themselves by purchasing the product so advertised (87). It is ironic that spectators who distrust the simulacrum of advertising are offered a discourse about the world of ads as a substitute for the authenticity (101) that would arguably end their alienation. The print ads examined in this essay reflexively acknowledge and foreground the shallowness of the fashion industry and the commodity culture of which it is an integral part, thereby excusing the product's appeal on the grounds of its fashionability. Judith Williamson states one "can only understand what advertisements mean by finding out how they mean" (Williamson, 42). In other words, one must understand the process o f signification through which an ad transfers signs from cultural systems of meaning onto its product. According to semiologist Roland Barthes, this process of signification involves three... ... increasing advertising clutter, consumers have become jaded and alienated. Advertisers have appropriated this widespread cynical media-literacy, employing discourses of alienation from consumer culture and advertising to differentiate their products. Advertisers offer a reflexive discourse about the world of ads and commodity culture as a substitute for the authenticity that would end consumer alienation. The advertisements discussed in this essay reflexively acknowledge and highlight the frivolity and triviality of the fashion industry, its marketing techniques, and the consumer culture of which it is an integral part in order to excuse and endorse their product's appeal on the grounds of its style. Ironically, this reflexive advertising moves consumers farther and farther away from any sense of authenticity and only increases feelings of alienation and cynicism. Fashion and Reflexive Advertising Essay -- Alienation Advertisements A Ads are ubiquitous. Contemporary media-literate audiences know that one-third of a half-hour sitcom will be commercials, that magazines will contain more ads than articles, and that they will be bombarded with advertisements on the internet. The pervasiveness of ads has created spectators who are: "increasingly media-literate, cynical, and alienated...and because the number of ads continues to increase (clutter), advertising has undermined its own effectiveness by unintentionally negating the ability and the desire of viewers to respond" (Goldman and Papson, 83). Advertisers have appropriated this post-modern discourse of alienation, giving it a sign value that they can attach to their product. Alienation consequently becomes a means through which advertisers can differentiate their product; consumers can claim to distance themselves from consumer culture and individuate themselves by purchasing the product so advertised (87). It is ironic that spectators who distrust the simulacrum of advertising are offered a discourse about the world of ads as a substitute for the authenticity (101) that would arguably end their alienation. The print ads examined in this essay reflexively acknowledge and foreground the shallowness of the fashion industry and the commodity culture of which it is an integral part, thereby excusing the product's appeal on the grounds of its fashionability. Judith Williamson states one "can only understand what advertisements mean by finding out how they mean" (Williamson, 42). In other words, one must understand the process o f signification through which an ad transfers signs from cultural systems of meaning onto its product. According to semiologist Roland Barthes, this process of signification involves three... ... increasing advertising clutter, consumers have become jaded and alienated. Advertisers have appropriated this widespread cynical media-literacy, employing discourses of alienation from consumer culture and advertising to differentiate their products. Advertisers offer a reflexive discourse about the world of ads and commodity culture as a substitute for the authenticity that would end consumer alienation. The advertisements discussed in this essay reflexively acknowledge and highlight the frivolity and triviality of the fashion industry, its marketing techniques, and the consumer culture of which it is an integral part in order to excuse and endorse their product's appeal on the grounds of its style. Ironically, this reflexive advertising moves consumers farther and farther away from any sense of authenticity and only increases feelings of alienation and cynicism.

Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System

Mercantilism is the chief economic system, which is used within the 16th to 18th centuries. Its chief end is to increase the wealth of the state through enforcing governmental ordinance refering all of the commercial involvements in the state. It was argued that national strength can be maximized through restricting the sum of imports via duties and raising the sum of exports. It discusses that the economic strength of every state is related chiefly to the fix of positive trade balance. It aims at the thought of doing every state usage export techniques more than import techniques as a manner to stay in an economic and political feasible place. So, positive trade balance upon the mercantilist thought concludes in a manner of utilizing gold in the pattern of state ‘s exchequer ( Mark Blaug ) . The Scots economic expert Adam Smith ( 1723-1790 ) was the adult male who was responsible for the term â€Å" mercantile system. † So, mercantile system was in a contrary side of Smith ‘s thoughts of free endeavor, free trade, and the free move of people and goods. One of the chief averments of mercantile system is the national wealth that will look through the accretion and import of gold or any other cherished metals, like Ag ( Paul Johnson ) . Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do foreign competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the ownership of cherished metals as Ag and gold, but this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be dead when all states wanted to do exports without imports. After aA really short clip, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad demand of free trade. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of â€Å" laissez faire economic sciences † in the nineteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) . Mercantilism, being a historical period, had been associated with the addition of a peculiar construction of capitalist economy in Europe which referred to it to be merchant capitalist economy. It was a philosophy developed by different economic authors in this period that call for the powerful confederation among the monarchial system and merchandisers. Presents, the mercantile system term is used to see the protectionist trade policies when combined with other governmental policies, straight or indirectly in peculiar industries to get the regional or national trade advantage. Mercantilism has associated with the chauvinistic economic policies shunned by free trade and advocators that argue for minimal province intervention in the international and domestic market place ( Henry William Spiegel ) . The mercantile system stated different policies of chauvinistic trade thought to get the wealth of the state. It can be achieved via five basic elements of mercantile system, as indicated by David L. Sills: The first 1 is nationalism and policy start together with all possible policy directed towards the patriotism. The 2nd component is foreign trade that should ever be thought of in visible radiation of its effects on the province ‘s stock of having cherished metals. The 3rd one is missing domestic mines of gold or Ag ; the cherished metals should be collected by excess the exports over the imports. The forth component is governmental trade governments that should endeavor to restrict imports and give encouragement to exports. The last component is the economic and political foreign policy that should be coordinated in order for the accomplishment of these ends ( Mark Blaug ) . While most of them closely associated with eighteenth century in Europe, the mercantile system term has been used in order to mention to the aggrandisement ‘s general rule of province authorization for the economic benefit of the capitalist category through commanding and pull stringsing trade. For illustration, during the colonial times it took the form of military control on trade paths and big duties imposed on imported goods in general and manufactured merchandises in peculiar ( Lars Magnusson ) . The mercantilist patterns ‘ principle, upon the jussive moods of colonial conquering and imperium, had been reflected in the 18th century constructs of the net income ‘s beginning and the exchange nature. While being the end of for-profit entity, the mercantilists managed to use this sentiment to the whole state. This is in contrary to the belief of the political orientation of market place done by classical economic experts. This exchange should be done on the facet of equivalents. Furthermore, mercantilists believed that the marketer can derive via the loss of the purchaser. Therefore, the state will go richer when it sells or exports more than it buys or imports. Gold or any other money beginnings will be amassed to profit the province. The sentiment related to the excess or net income happened in the unequal exchange in trade goods was absolutely cope with the mercantilist policy in commanding the trade footings ( Paul Johnson ) . Mercantilism had played an of import function but non a dominant function in the passage period from feudal system to the industrial capitalist economy. However, mercantile system did profit greatly big merchandiser companies to transport place goods through trade paths maintained and protected by the state. Foreign trade was the necessary idea to be done for gold accretion because the domestic trade can non bring forth a net net income or excess. Fighting by this position of the net incomes ‘ beginning, merchandisers used exports as a necessary agencies of geting excess net incomes. The merchandisers, such as all better policy shapers, argued that utilizing this policy would profit in bend the whole province Henry William Spiegel ) . These policies in order to accomplish these ends affecting province subsidies of the export industries, high duty was used to promote place production in the prohibition on the gilded sale to aliens, the subsidisation of basic industries when necessary, the control over certain sorts of capital, and the relentless gold import and the natural stuffs from different settlements. The most of these policies contained rigorous control in trade paths and the monetary values stabilisation in province currency ( Steele G. R. ) . Throughout the mercantilist period, the merchandisers had controlled the trading system, but non the production of services and goods. Before the start of industrial capitalist economy, the production was on the line of trades system that embodied leftovers of the really old feudal agreement. In add-on, the industrial capitalist economy emerged the merchandiser ‘s power. They would come to see them taking over or being involved in the production means that would heighten their net incomes through giving them the control over the labour productiveness. However, the merchandisers can non command the production means, as the primary concern lies on merchandising and purchasing. The policies of mercantilists encouraged the imports of natural stuffs that in bend can be manufactured to do different merchandises. The finished goods can be sold and exported later in high monetary value in comparing with the original cost. So, it found its manner to the exchequer of the state ( Mark Bla ug ) . The foundation of the mercantile system started with the beginnings of the capitalist economy in sixteenth and 17th century in Europe. At this clip France, Spain, and some of the Low Countries as Holland and Belgium were transformed into economic systems in merchant-dominated. So, the modern provinces were emerging of being as a political complement in the merchandiser economic system. This system indicated that it was regulated by the competitory labour market. It led to the formation of a new category of people that found them being free from feudal system to the land to be merely forced to sell the labour to guarantee subsistence. The emerging was besides a category of fabrication and industrial enterprisers recruited from the worsening merchandiser category ( Lars Magnusson ) . The merchandiser category paved the manner of losing control over the new economic system to the forces of the capitalist competition when net incomes and monetary value were regulated through the accretion and production of capital. When trading was indispensable for the emerging of industrial capitalist system, the minutess were viewed as a sharing out in the sum of selling monetary value among the buyers and purchasers, including the merchandiser. The construct of mercantile thought, which trade led to the net incomes in the whole system, paved the manner to the sentiment of the classical economic expert that the production and reinvestment of net income was the existent beginning of the wealth of states ( Paul Johnson ) . When the general perceptual experience of the term of mercantile system being one of a really long epoch in the history of economic idea, the mercantilist writers were concern and professional people that wrote and made known of their ideas in a long clip before economic sciences came to be a separate academic subject. Many representative of the mercantilist Hagiographas were English and Gallic authors of the seventeenth century. These practical minds sought the protection, order, and stableness necessity for the enlargement of their activities. This in bend will profit the province. In exchange for the military protection of the trading paths, they succeeded in geting the monopolistic subsidisation from Crown when the state extends its stuff agencies for the colonisation. Wealth found to both the merchandiser elite and the province in signifier of gold and different natural stuffs to add its value, and so exported in signifier of the finished goods. Mercantilists saw production to b e really of import because it merely led to the excess of exports ( Mark Blaug ) . When the merchandiser category had been far from cohesive, the dissensions about policy in the merchandiser category were different to the purposes of a common end of spread outing the extent of trade excess. The mercantilists encouraged exports, except the machinery, works and equipment, which might assist foreign rivals. They discouraged imports, except in natural stuffs and cherished metals. The settlements, including the Americas, had served as a primary export market and the revenue enhancement gross beginning, military bases, and a beginning of Ag, gold, and natural stuffs. The strong naval forces and the military war machine were critical to the care and execution of these policies ( Lars Magnusson ) . As production became more of import, the capitalists realized that in commanding production, this would be possible to diminish costs, increase productiveness, and undercut the rivals by take downing monetary values. The line of thought led economic experts like Adam Smith to oppose the thought that gold constituted wealth. In the powerful review of mercantilists, Adam Smith had pointed out that money reflected the wealth produced while showing the value of goods and services that offered in the market place. Furthermore, struggles among merchandisers in trade monopolies and monetary values made struggle to all the hurt concerned. Many unfavorable judgments of mercantile system had culminated in a annihilating review that is known as the coinage flow mechanism. The Scots philosopher and political economic expert called David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) had pointed out that the really success of a state ‘s mercantilist policies will put in gesture forces, which would be given to change b y reversal trade excess, through the normal operation in markets. Leting in the money free flow, at this clip particularly gold, it was discussed that would be given to ensue in balance of trade equilibrium ( Lars Magnusson ) . While the specie-flow mechanism of Hume is the most known review of the mercantilist idea, his resistance to mercantilist thought started every bit early as the late seventeenth century. The chief thought was that the success of mercantilist policies will trip unintended effects. So, the positive trade balance refers to money positive cyberspace flow, because a batch of money is coming in instead than traveling out. This state of affairs would germinate where excessively much sums of money is trailing few goods, where the system is runing in full capacity, money is non hoarded but kept in circulation. The lone logical consequence is to raise monetary values. As opposed to the states mercantilist excess, money is fluxing out that consequence in the autumn of monetary values. The shortage states will go more competitory in clip. Trade will switch their thought ensuing in trade equilibrium. That philosophy will subsequently go known as the measure theory of money ( Mark Blaug ) . In visible radiation of historical influence, mercantilist policy expanded the lessening of the feudal economic system and the system of guild trades of production. The province policy and merchandiser system complemented each other. The chief aim was to bespeak growing of foreign trade while promoting the influx of the cherished metals and the natural stuffs to which the value could be added for exports. So, mercantile system served to rapid the passage of Europe from the land-based economic system to the pecuniary economic system. Though pure mercantile system is considered a dead economic issue, but traces of it remain ( Henry William Spiegel ) . Mercantilism, in the seventeenth and 18th centuries, many European states believed that the universe wealth was finite and limited. Whatever one of the states gained, the another one doomed. In order to guarantee their ain portion, those states issued an economic policy naming it mercantile system. Because England had followed mercantile system, this policy affected deeply the American settlements in the old ages that precede independency. The basis of mercantile system is that the state supply of Ag and gold reflected its wealth and its economic strength. In add-on, the gold enabled states to get military weaponries. The Countries worked in many ways to raise their Ag and gold shops, but the foreign trade became the basic avenue. When exporting more goods than imported, the mercantile states could demand the difference in gold which is the chief international currency of those times ( Lars Magnusson ) . The trading states such as England saw their settlements to be utile participants in the mercantile game. It looked to its settlements for acquiring natural stuffs that could be obtained at low cost. So, settlements became markets for the English exports. By mercantile system, England had forged the early failings and strengths of the immature American economic system. Get downing from the first of the Navigation Acts in 1660, the Torahs passed during the 17th and 18th centuries tightened England control of the American trade and economic system. For illustration, when necessitating the settlements to merchandise through the British Empire, England had limited any trade competition might be presented by its settlements. The Torahs against fabrication besides forced the settlements to import manufactured goods from the female parent state. The merchandises manufactured were routed within England, and transportation was merely limited to English or colonial bearers ( Steele, G. R. ) . Mercantilism is economic patriotism for the intent of constructing a wealthy and powerful province. Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do foreign competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the ownership of cherished metals as Ag and gold, but this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be dead when all states wanted to do exports without imports. After aA really short clip, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad demand of free trade. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of â€Å" laissez faire economic sciences † in theA nineteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) . The most of import economic principle for mercantile system in the sixteenth century was the consolidation of the centres of regional power of the feudal epoch through big competitory nation-states. Other lending factors were in the constitution of settlements out of Europe, the growing of commercialism and industry in Europe relative to agriculture, and the addition in the comprehensiveness and volume of trade, and the addition in utilizing metallic pecuniary systems, peculiarly Ag and gold, comparative to barter minutess. Within the mercantilist period, the military struggle among provinces was both more extended and more frequent than at any clip in history. The naval forcess and ground forcess of the chief supporters were non impermanent forces raised to stipulate a specific menace or nonsubjective, but they were professional forces. The primary economic aim of the authorities was to command sufficient measure of the difficult currency to back up the armed forces that would disco urage onslaughts by other states and assist its ain territorial enlargement. The policies took so many signifiers. Governments may supply capital to new industries, exempt new industries from club regulations and revenue enhancements, set up monopolies over local and colonial markets, and grant rubrics and pensions to successful manufacturers. In trade policy the authorities assisted local industry by enforcing duties, quotas, and prohibitions on imports of goods that competed with local makers. Governments besides prohibited the export of tools and capital equipment and the out-migration of skilled labour that would let foreign states, and even the settlements of the place state, to vie in the production of manufactured goods. At the same clip, diplomats encouraged foreign makers to travel to the diplomats ‘ ain states ( Lars Magnusson ) . Transportation was peculiarly of import during the mercantile period. With the growing of settlements and the cargo of gold from the New World into Spain and Portugal, control of the oceans was considered vitally of import to national power. Because ships could be used for merchandiser or military intents, the authoritiess of the epoch developed strong merchandiser Mariness. In France Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the curate of finance under Louis Fourteen from 1661 to 1683, increased port responsibilities on foreign vass come ining Gallic ports and provided premiums to Gallic shipwrights ( Steele, G. R. ) . In England the Navigation Laws of 1650 and 1651 prohibited foreign vass from prosecuting in coastal trade in England and required that all goods imported from the continent of Europe be carried on either an English vas or a vas registered in the state of beginning of the goods. Finally, all trade between England and her settlements had to be carried in either English or colonial vass. The Staple Act of 1663 extended the Navigation Act by necessitating that all colonial exports to Europe be landed through an English port before being reexported to Europe. Navigation policies by France, England, and other powers were directed chiefly against the Dutch, who dominated commercial Marine activity in the sixteenth and 17th centuries ( Steele, G. R. ) . During the mercantilist epoch it was frequently suggested, if non really believed, that the chief benefit of foreign trade was the importing of gold and Ag. Harmonizing to this position the benefits to one state were matched by costs to the other states that exported gold and Ag, and there were no net additions from trade. For states about invariably on the brink of war, run outing one another of valuable Ag and gold was thought to be about every bit desirable as the direct benefits of trade ( Geoffrey Parker ) . Adam Smith refuted the thought that the wealth of a state is measured by the size of the exchequer in his celebrated treatise, The Wealth of Countries, a book justly considered to be the foundation of modern economic theory. Smith made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist philosophy. First, he demonstrated that trade, when freely initiated, benefits both parties. In modern slang it is a positive-sum game. Second, he argued that specialisation in production allows for economic systems of graduated table, which improves efficiency and growing. Finally, Smith argued that the conniving relationship between authorities and industry was harmful to the general population. While the mercantilist policies were designed to profit the authorities and the commercial category, the philosophies of laissez-faire, or free markets, which originated with Smith, taken economic public assistance in a far wider sense of embracing the full population ( Lars Magnusson ) . While The Wealth of Nations is by and large considered to tag the terminal of the mercantilist epoch, the individualistic philosophies of free-market economic sciences besides reflect a general disillusion with the imperialist policies of state provinces. The Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the Revolutionary War in the United States heralded the terminal of the period of military confrontation in Europe and the mercantilist policies that supported it. Despite these policies and the wars that they are associated with, the mercantilist period was one of by and large rapid growing, peculiarly in England. This is partially because the authoritiess were non really effectual in implementing the policies that they espoused. While the authorities could forbid imports, for illustration, it lacked the resources to halt the smuggling that the prohibition would make. In add-on, the assortment of new merchandises that were created during the industrial revolution made it hard to implement the industrial policies that were associated with mercantilist philosophy. By 1860 England had removed the last traces of the mercantile epoch. Industrial ordinances, monopolies, and duties were abolished, and out-migration and machinery exports were freed. In big portion because of her free trade policies, England became the dominant economic power in Europe. England ‘s success as a fabrication and fiscal power, coupled with the United States as an eme rging agricultural human dynamo, led to the recommencement of protectionist force per unit areas in Europe and the weaponries race between Germany, France, and England, which finally resulted in World War I ( Geoffrey Parker ) . Protectionism remained of import in the interwar period. World War I had destroyed the international pecuniary system based upon the gilded criterion. After the war use of the exchange rate was added to the authorities ‘s list of trade arms. A state could at the same time take down the international monetary values of its exports and increase the local currency monetary value of its imports by devaluating its currency against the currencies of its trading spouses. This â€Å" competitory devaluation † was practiced by many states during the Great Depression of the mid-thirtiess and led to a crisp decrease in universe trade ( Steele, G. R. ) . A figure of factors led to the reemergence of mercantilist policies after World War II. The Great Depression created uncertainties about the efficaciousness and stableness of free-market economic systems, and an emerging organic structure of economic idea runing from Keynesian countercyclical policies to Marxist centrally planned systems created a new function for authoritiess in the control of economic personal businesss. In add-on, the wartime partnership between authorities and industry in the United States created a relationship-the military-industrial composite, in Eisenhower ‘s words-that besides encouraged activist authorities policies. In Europe the deficit of dollars after the war induced authoritiess to curtail imports and negotiate bilateral trading understandings to conserve on scarce foreign exchange resources. These policies badly restricted the volume of intra-Europe trade and impeded the recovery procedure in Europe in the immediate postwar period ( Geoffrey Par ker ) . The economic strength of the United States, nevertheless, provided the stableness that permitted the universe to emerge out of the postwar pandemonium into a new epoch of prosperity and growing. The Marshall Plan provided American resources that overcame the most acute dollar deficits. The Bretton Woods understanding established a new system of comparatively stable exchange rates that encouraged the free flow of goods and capital. Finally, the sign language of GATT ( General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ) in 1947 marked the official acknowledgment of the demand to set up an international order of many-sided free trade ( Lars Magnusson ) . The mercantilist epoch has passed. Modern economic experts accept Adam Smith ‘s penetration that free trade leads to international specialisation of labour and, normally, to greater economic wellbeing for all states. But some mercantilist policies continue to be. Indeed, the rush of protectionist sentiment that began with the oil crisis in the midseventies and expanded with the planetary recession of the early 1880ss has led some economic experts to label the modern pro-export, anti-import attitude as â€Å" neomercantilism. † ( Steele, G. R. ) Although several unit of ammunitions of many-sided trade dialogues have succeeded in cut downing duties on most industrial goods to less than 5 per centum, trade in agricultural goods remains to a great extent protected though duties or subsidies in Europe, Japan, and the United States. States have besides responded to GATT by raising different nontariff barriers to merchandise. The Long Term Arrangement on Cotton Textiles ( 1962 ) was the first major going from the cardinal GATT regulation of nondiscrimination. Discriminatory nontariff barriers are typically used by industrialised states to protect mature industries from competition from Japan and freshly industrialised states like Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan. These nontariff barriers include voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing agreements, wellness and safety codifications, and licensing demands. And the U.S. Jones Act, which prohibits cargo of goods between U.S. ports on foreign ships, is the modern opposite number of Engl and ‘s Navigation Laws ( Lars Magnusson ) . Modern mercantilist patterns arise from the same beginning as the mercantilist policies in the sixteenth to the 18th century. Group with political power usage that power to procure authorities intercession to protect their involvements, while claiming to seek benefits for the state as a whole. Of the false renters of mercantile system that remain today, the most baneful is the thought that imports cut down domestic employment. This statement is most frequently made by American car makers in their claim for protection against Nipponese imports. But the gross that the exporter receives must be finally spent on American exports, either instantly or later when American investings are liquidated. Another mercantilist position that persists today is that a current history shortage is bad. When a state runs a current history shortage, it is borrowing capital from the remainder of the universe in order to buy more goods and services than it sells. But this policy promotes economic wealth if the return on the capital borrowed exceeds the cost of borrowing. Many developing states with high internal returns on capital have run current history shortages for highly long periods, while basking rapid growing and solvency ( Geoffrey Parker ) .