A Comparison of the American and the Japanese Health Care Systems

Both the United States and Japan are part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, an organization composed of industrialized countries) and as such both countries are under the pressure to live up to a certain median when it comes to the quality of health care. Apart from the median created by OECD countries, the US and Japan are also equally pressured by such organizations as the World Health Organization (WHO) that sets up checklists for good health care systems. In a report last 2000 on the health care systems of 191 countries, WHO set some goals for a health care system.These goals are the following: good health, responsiveness, and fairness in financing (WHO in Bureau of Labor Education of the University of Maine 2001, 1). By â€Å"good health† WHO refers to the good health status of the entire population although out the human being’s life cycle. â€Å"Responsiveness,† on the other hand, refers to â€Å"the extent to which careg ivers are responsive to the client/patient expectations with regard to non-health areas such as being treated with dignity and respect† (Bureau of Labor and Education o the University of Maine 2001, 6).Fairness in financing generally refers to the progressiveness of the health care system wherein those who have less are also to spend less on medical care. These goals shall be utilized to evaluate and compare the Japanese and the American health care systems. But before an effective evaluation and comparison could be done, it will be important to individually describe the health care systems of these two countries. As such, this paper shall consist o the following parts: a description of the American health care system; a description of the Japanese health care system; an evaluation and the comparison of the two health care systems.The American Health Care System A. The Framework of the American Health Care System The American Health Care System could best be illustrated using figure 1. In figure 1, it could be noted that there are two insurance systems in America, public and private. Public insurance system refers to Medicare, Medicaid, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), and the Veteran’s Administration (VA). Private insurance system, on the other hand, refers to either employer-sponsored insurance or private non-group insurance. We shall discuss each of these types.Medicare is a federal program that insures seniors aged 65 and above as well as some disabled individuals (Chua 2006, 2). This is a single-payer, government-administered program that covers hospital services, physician services, as well as prescription drug services (Chua 2006, 2). Medicare is financed three ways: federal income taxes, payroll tax (paid both by employers and employees), and individual enrollee premiums (Chua 2006, 2). There are individual enrollee premiums because even if Medicare provides the above-mentioned services, there are still import ant services that are not covered without the premium coverage.These premium services include nursing facilities; preventive care coverage; and coverage for dental, hearing, or vision care. This means that the elderly who are covered by Medicare would many times still need to avail of premium services and as such, they contribute a total of 22% of their income for the cost of health care (Chua 2006, 2). Medicaid is a state-administered health insurance program that provides coverage to low income citizens and disabled; specifically, this insurance â€Å"covers very poor pregnant women, children, disabled, and parents† (Chua 2006, 2).As for its administration, Medicaid is paid for by the state and the federal government. At the very least, the federal government pays $1 for every dollar that the state pays for (Chua 2006, 2). Unlike Medicare, Medicaid offers a more comprehensive health benefits. S-CHIP is like Medicaid as regards administration but it is specifically for child ren whose parents do not qualify for Medicaid due to their income but still do not make enough money to provide insurance for their children. VA is a state-sponsored health insurance service for the veterans of the military.This insurance provides comprehensive health benefits that make the veteran spend almost nothing for health care. Employer-sponsored insurance refers to private health insurance services the premium of which are largely paid for by employers. Under this system are the many organizations that offer health maintenance (HMOs). This is where corporations like Aetna and Kaiser Permanente fall. The coverage offered as well as the degree of co-sharing by the different HMOs differ also (Chua 2006, 3).Private non-group health insurance is the sort of insurance availed by those who are self-employed and those that could not avail of employer-sponsored insurance. This sort of insurance allows the insurance company to impose rules regarding pre-existing conditions. Usually, pre-existing conditions are not covered by the insurance. This sort of insurance is fully administered by the HMOs and the benefits vary widely as well. B. Characteristics and Problems of the American Health Care System The American Health Care System is mostly a combination and interaction of public and private entities.This is most exemplified by the two general types of health insurance services: the public and the private. This fact could be demonstrated by a 2003 statistics on Health Insurance Coverage of the nonelderly (in Chua 2006, 1). This statistics shows that 62% of nonelderly Americans receive private employer-sponsored insurance, while 5% purchase their insurance in the market (Chua 2006, 1). 18% of these nonelderly individuals are in public insurance like Medicaid or Medicare, while the remaining 15% are uninsured (Chua 2006, 1).Elderly Americans aged 65 years and above are mostly insured through Medicaid (Chua 2006, 1). Or, better yet, we might as well look at statist ics from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid represented as a pie graph in figure 2(American Hospital Association 2005, 6). In the 2003 statistics on the â€Å"Distribution of US Health Care Expenditures by Payer Source,† of the total $1. 7 trillion expenditures on health care, more than half are paid for by private entities. The lion’s share goes to private insurance. In this statistics, 35.8% are paid for by private insurance (American Hospital Association 2005, 6). Consumer’s out-of-pocket spending on health care account for 13. 7% of the 2003 health care expenditure, while other private expenditure account for 4. 8% of the expenditure. Medicare, a government health insurance system, pays for 17% of health care expenses, while Medicaid, another government health insurance system, shoulders 16% of the expenditure. The remaining 12. 7% of expenditure is paid for by other government systems like the S-CHIP and VA (Centers American Hospital Association 2005, 6; Chua 2006, 2).As such, we could see that the American Health Care System’s expenditure is more than 50% private. In spite of the big percentage in the budget that the federal government allots to health care, probably the biggest budget allotment in the OECD countries, a big percentage of health expenditures is handled by private entities. It is worth mentioning that America is spending on the average 15% of its GDP on health care when the average on OECD countries is only 8. 6% (Chua 2006, 5).This also means that America has the highest per capita spending on health care compared to other OECD Countries. It was documented that almost 10 years ago, the US was already the biggest per capita spender among its OECD colleagues. It spent $4,178 per capita while Switzerland, then second to the US on per capita spending, spent only $2794 per capita on health care. In spite of the big role of private entities and the high percentage in budget that health care system has, a big percen tage of non-elderly adults are uninsured (15% are uninsured as we saw above).This means that millions of adults in the working age have to spend their own money for health services. This also means that probably America is the only developed country that does not provide health services to all its citizens (Bureau of Labor Education in the University of Maine 2001, 3). Another problem is the fact that the United States has a high infant mortality rate compared to the other OECD counties. In fact, the United States ranked 26th in infant mortality rate among the industrialized countries (Bureau of Labor Education in the University of Maine 2001, 5).Neither did America rank well in disability-adjusted life expectancy ranking 24th among OECD countries (Bureau of Labor Education in the University of Maine 2001, 5). This means that a number of Americans expect to live parts of their lives in disability which probably is a consequence of not having access to health care (as a big percentag e of nonelderly are uninsured). Aside from these problems, American health care is also characterized by a deficit in resources as most emergency departments in hospitals report of being â€Å"at† or â€Å"over† capacity (American Hospital Association 2005, 25).In figure 3, we could see a bar graph showing how some hospitals (especially teaching hospitals) could be at 43% beyond capacity. Such a lack could be accounted for largely by the lack of critical care beds, and not necessarily by overcrowding, in these emergency departments (American Hospital Association 2005, 27). This would mean that a number of hospitals, both in their emergency departments and intensive care units, would need to spend time on diversion (American Hospital Association 2005, 26). These are all ironical problems in a country that is supposed to be most advanced in economy and technology.The Japanese Health Care System A. The Framework of the Japanese Health Care System The Japanese Health Care System, in contrast to the American system, offers coverage for all the citizens. This system offers services that are fairly comprehensive. Currently, the Japanese Health Care System provides â€Å"a basic package of benefits (including medical consultation, drugs, and other materials; medical treatment, surgery, and other services; home care treatment and nursing; and hospitalization and nursing at medical institutions) and they may offer additional benefits (e.g. , funeral benefits, maternity allowances) under the collective scheme† (Ward and Piccolo 2004). This system is best illustrated by figure 4. Health services are paid for in four ways: health insurance contributions, by patient co-payments, by taxes, and by out-of-pocket payments (Jeong and Hurst 2001, 10). Health services are given by providers which could be categorized according to the following: hospitals, doctors’ clinics, health centers, and pharmacies. Most hospitals are categorized as general hospita ls which mean that beds are allocated for long term care.These hospitals are closed to doctors who have clinics, these clinics being capable of minimum bed capacity of 12 (Jeong and Hurst 2001, 11) and may have the latest medical devices needed for diagnosis. Pharmacies may have their own doctors who may dispense their own prognoses and prescriptions. Nursing services are also considered as health providers. The insurance services, though provided by more or less 5,000 HMOs, are largely non-autonomous non-governmental bodies (Jeong and Hurst 2001, 13). These HMOs are basically in charge of operating the compulsory national health insurance system (Jeong and Hurst 2001, 13).These HMOs experience control by the national and local governments. In fact, even doctors’ fees as well as other health services fees are standardized. The Japanese Health Care System may be categorized into two big divisions: the Social Insurance System (SIS) and the National Health Insurance (NHI) (Ward and Piccolo 2004). People are assigned to a health insurance such that those who are working in a company or office are assigned in the SIS, while everyone else who cannot be classified as working in a company or office (including self-employed professionals) should fall under the NHI (Ward and Piccolo 2004).63% of the population is insured under the SIS. Under the SIS, employers pay 50 to 80% of the premium while employees, depending on their income, pay around 8. 5% of their income for health insurance premium. In this system, the insured and their dependents pay 20-30% of in-patient and out-patient costs, at the same time act as co-payers in prescription drugs (Ward and Piccolo 2004). The NIH system, on the other hand, covers the remaining 37% of the population. Premiums paid by the insured depend on incomes and assets. The insured as well as their dependents are required to be co-payers of 30% of the cost.In spite of the requirement for co-payment, Japan offers a co-payment cap: â€Å"The cap is at ? 63,600 (US$600) per month, with the average monthly disposable income being ? 561,000 (US$5,300)† (Ward and Piccolo 2004). In addition, those who are elderly may benefit from long-term insurance which covers 90% of long-term maintenance costs. B. Problems with the Japanese Health Care System The Japanese Health Care System boasts of having state-of-the-art equipment accessible to its citizens. In fact, Japan has the highest CT and MRI scanners per capita among all countries.Japan also has low infant mortality rate in spite of lower GDP spending (7. 6%) for health care, well within the OECD median (Ward and Piccolo 2004). Japan is also able to provide co-payment cap though like the United States, Japan’s health system is also highly paid for by private entities: â€Å"Japan spent ? 29. 8 trillion (US$280 billion) on healthcare, of which 53% was covered by insurance, 32. 3% by the government, and 14. 8% by patients' co-payments† (Ward and Pi ccolo 2004). Nevertheless, the Japanese Health Care System has its own share of problems.For one, unlike in most Western countries, specialization does not matter as much as in America. What matters is where a doctor is affiliated, thus making the distinction between a general practitioner and a specialist blurred. This makes having a â€Å"family doctor† difficult to have and standardization difficult to come by (Jeong and Hurst 2001, 13). Also, Japan has 2 to 3 times longer hospitalization time compared to other countries which means that Japan would need more beds to accommodate patients (National Coalition on Health Care, 3).Probably the biggest problem that the system is facing is the increasing number of elderly population which would obviously strain (National Coalition on Health Care, 3). There is also the problem of weak preventive care as well as low public awareness on â€Å"taboo† illnesses such as HIV and AIDS (Ward and Piccolo 2004). Comparison Between th e Two Health Care Systems In the introduction, we spoke of the WHO requirement for good health, responsiveness, and fairness in financing. Let us evaluate the two systems based on these WHO goals.The American system, aside from the problems posed above, obviously lacks in its ability to provide â€Å"good health† for the entire population. For one, the American health care system does not cover the entire American population. There is just no mandate for such. The Japanese system is obviously different. Japan has a national mandate for universal coverage. This means that the Japanese system is made in such a way that all Japanese would have to fall into one of the two insurance systems.The fact that all Japanese are insured at the same time Japanese spending on health care against GNP is well within the OECD median is something that Americans would have to learn from. The very concept of a co-payment cap is a very good thing that makes health care more responsive to the call for â€Å"good health for the entire population. † As regards responsiveness, the fact that millions of Americans are uninsured automatically makes them not capable of even evaluating client/patient relations for issues such as dignity, respect, etcetera.Nevertheless, the Japanese system also has room for improvement as the existence of â€Å"taboo† sicknesses would obviously compromise the treatment of patients with dignity and respect. Lastly, as regards the requirement for fairness in financing, the Japanese system is way better than the American system. To a certain extent, the American system would make it difficult for certain parts of the population to be insured as they are not too poor to qualify for Medicaid but they are also not employed nor financially endowed enough to pay for private insurance. This is totally not a problem in the Japanese system.

Benefit and Disadvantagers of Internet

bachelor of education (teaching of english as a second language) oumh (1303)  learning skill for open distance learners  the benefits of internet to student and the detrimental effects of the internet on students prepared by: muhammad afeeq bin abd latif matric number: 921125065059001 i/c number: 921125-06-5059 telephone number: 013-9664922 e-mail address: [email  protected] com tutor name: mr. ahmad izanee bin awang  learning centre:kuantan  Table of content Introduction1 The benefits of internet to student A tool to gain information2 Communication3 Online service3 Entertainment4 The detrimental effects of the Internet on students Web addiction5 Pornography6 Reduced physical activity7 Cyber crime8 suggestion9 reference 11 Introduction Nowadays, internet has become something very important to a student. For them, it can enormously help their studies. According to Allen B. Ury (2011), for doing high school or college research, Internet is an essential tool.We can find valuab le material on practically any subject within minutes if not seconds by skillfully using Internet search engines and subject directories. By knowing how to effectively search for and cite reputable Web sites can be an essential part of their academic success for those students who taking courses online. As mentioned by Rahul Pandita (2011), Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us. It has made its presence felt in every sphere of our life, be it economy, society, health care, spirituality, etc.Prominent among its benefits is the impact it has had on the education sector. Rahul Pandita (2011) also said that students can now gain access to innumerable research papers, apart from getting latest updates in the field of science, technology and almost everything in conjuction of education. But as they say, â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility†, Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impa ct it has had on student and children. Young people love to use computers rather than read a book.Web pages  are much more up-to-date than old text books that were previously used for studying, so not only is the information accurate, but it is also designed to engage  students  in a way that they find entertaining. The Internet also allows  students  to research and learn about topics that would previously be unknown to them due to lack of resources. Some schools do not  provide  every single book on a specific subject, but with the Internet, the learning possibilities are limitless, everything is just in their finger tips.The purpose of this task is to discuss about â€Å"The benefits and detrimental effects of Internet on students†. The benefits of internet to student There a few of benefits of internet toward the student : i. A tool to gain information. These days, student’s life without internet is very difficult. They do a lot of work by using the i nternet especially in searching for information. This is because, gaining information from internet is much more easier than those old books, it can shorten our time. Get online information is the freest way in the world.Nowadays, people need to understand more and more. They want to know the newest news. According to Jayashree Parhare (2011), any kind of information is available on the internet as long as on it is any topic under the sun is. It can be done by using the search engines such as Google, Yahoo are at your service on the internet. There is huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fair and conference, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless.According to Ashwini Ambekar (2008), students can use this wealth of information to learn new things about the subjects they are interested in and for their school projects or research and it is particularly relevant. In addition, this internet is a blessing for many schools and universities that are now able to accede projects and work to the students and follow their progress which is can be easily posted on the school or university websites So, since internet provides almost everything, students can use it to help them or to make their work easier on doing research or looking for any information. i. Communication. Communication is very important to a student, and internet one of the way that make student’s communication easier and faster. As a student, they need to see their lecturers, send or submit their task and assignment by hand, call someone by using cellphone which is wasting their money, time and energy. With internet has opened up new avenues for communication, according to Ashwini Ambekar (2008), email facility let people to communicate with somebody with minimum wastage of time.As Matt Remley (2010) said in his article, It is now possible to send an in stant message and also voice messaging to any part of the world through a simple email address and the message is delivered in a matter of seconds. According to Stephen Cook (2008), by using the Internet, there are many type of ways that people can get connected with one another. For examples, email, chat, forums, social networking sites, and real-time  video chat websites. Stephen Cook (2008) also mentioned that the Internet is truly spectacular in how it allows us to get in touch with one another which is you can easily talk to anybody on the other side of the world.With this kind of facilities, students will have more time to do other works rather than finish their time on something that can waste their time. iii. Online services. Online service is one of the greatest benefit of internet towards the student. It can make student’s life easier. There are many types of online services, for example online shopping, online banking and others. Online banking is very useful, ac cording to Edward James (2010), you can access your account within 5 minutes, make a payment, request a cheque book.It is not only for those who doing businesses only, but also to anybody who has an account saving. Furthermore, we can set up direct debits and standing orders, cancel direct debits and standing orders, view historic statements. The list is endless. The best part of it is according to Cody Hodge (2010), when you do your banking online, you are going to skip the drive and just get a phone call after submitting a query to the bank. What sounds easier to you is we don’t have to wasting our lunch hour to go to the bank.Next, according to Ram Gupta (2012) in his article, when online shopping was introduced, shoppers feel that involving themselves in it is a risky affair and uncomfortable to reveal their personal information such as credit cards details. But today, things have change and shoppers became confident to use it and get anything under the sun after realize the benefit of it especially to students. There are a few advantages of online shopping according to Mansi Chitranshi  (2009), online services give you variety of choice and also offers us an extensive range of selection.Not only that, but it also available for 24 hours a day which lets you shop anytime, this is very meaningful to student since time is very precious to them. Last but not lease, Mansi Chitranshi (2009) also said that you can find radically lower prices and cheapest deals with online purchasing. iv. Entertainment According to Kaiz Karen (2009), on internet we can search all types of entertainment from watching films to playing games online. Almost anyone can find the right kind of entertainment for themselves according to their taste. When people surf the internet, there are numerous things that can be found on it.Start from music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet. The best part of it which is love by the students is there are numerous games that can be downloaded from the Internet for free without any charge at any time. As Vibhuti Arora (2006) said we can read those funny e-mails from friends or that have been provided by the internet. Not only that, but you can make all your friends around the world laugh. Even if you are not good at cracking jokes, you can simply download them from the internet and forward them to your friends.This kind of entertainment is important to a student. The detrimental effects of the Internet on students i. Web Addiction. Many students find that internet help them a lot in conjunction of helping them to make their learning easier or use it as a tool to find some information. But without noticing, they are actually wasting their time. According to Joanna, Melinda smith and Lawrence Robinson (2012) in their article, people who in unpleasant feelings such as stress, loneliness, depression, and anxiety, they will turn to the internet just to make them feel better.Joanna, et al. 2012) als o stated that the Internet can be an easily accessible outlet when you have a bad day and or to quickly relieve stress or self-soothe or are looking for a way to escape your problems. Losing yourself online can temporarily make feelings such as loneliness, stress, anxiety, depression, and boredom evaporate into thin air and it will definitely drag your time. Lately, internet has provided many social networks such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Blogs and others. This kind of social networks can drag student’s time a lot because when we sign-in into it, they will get stuck on it.According to Jane Demerica (2009), many people that sign up for the internet find themselves spending endless hours chatting, surfing or â€Å"pimping out† their social networks page. This is an unhealthy addiction and you should probably force yourself to get out of the chair and walk away for a few hours. According to Abhijit Naik (2011) in his article about Facebook addiction, facebook provide new friends, games, event plans and many more. While all these activities are enjoyable, you will forget that you have an actual life to live at times you get so used to them.The time you forget about the fact and start spending your precious time on online, then neglecting yourself as well as people around you, and that mean you are now suffering from this addiction disorder without you notice it. Jane Demerica (2009) also said that, This kind of behavior will disorganize student’s life especially on their schedule. This can lead to unhealthy life for example they will late for their meals which is very important to them, they will be fibrous or not-well taken care because they are too busy with the internet.Last but not lease, as mentioned by Deepa Kartha (2010), student are going ignore their study and it can lead to poor performance at university. ii. Pornography. Jayashree Pakhare said in his article that â€Å"pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of interne t. It allows you to access and download millions of pornography photos, videos and other X-rated stuff. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even play a havoc in marital and social lives of adults especially to students† (2011).Studies have shown that almost every men and most women have been exposed to pornography as told by Lifesitenew. com (2002). According to Elisbeth Deffner (n. d. ), there were plenty of opportunities for people to view pornographic images or read pornographic material before the Internet became so prevalent which from videos, magazines, and books. But as for now, people can easily access pornographic Web sites in the privacy of their own homes. It’s part of a larger issue called â€Å"sexual addiction,† which is â€Å"any kind of sexual behavior that a person continues to engage in despite negative consequences† says Dr.Omar Minwalla, the clinical supervisor at the Sexual Recovery In stitute in Los Angeles. Pornography is like drugs, once we get use to it, we will definitely get addicted by it and for sure will give many disadvantages toward the students. According to Joanna, et al. (2012), students can adversely affect real-life relationships, career, and emotional health by compulsively spending hours on the Internet viewing pornography or engaging in other cybersex activities. It could increase the percentage of misbehavior and these leads to adultery, free sex, and even worst child abandonment.As mention by Rahul Pandita (2011), it can cause them to became either sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive, these phenomenon also course the increase of prevalence sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers especially to a student. He also mentioned that the pornography that is present on the Internet promotes irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students. According to Stephen Rampur (n. d. ), Individuals who are addicted to this type are m ostly teenagers and youngsters. It can have an adverse effect on a child's attitude towards relationships.People who are addicted to online pornography spend hours watching or downloading porn. iii. Reduced Physical Activity According to Rahul Pandita (2011), since internet provides a lot of games and available to play, it has made most student to shut all outdoor activity. If students are lack of physical activity, they can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases for example obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Rahul Pandita (2011) also mentioned that by sitting continuously in front of a computer screen fot couple of hours can seriously and put a strain on our neck and shoulders and damage our eyes.These factors can create life-long problems for them. As Leena Palande (2011) said, when students are busy with the internet, they will definitely lack of exercise and it is the main morbid obesity causes. student spend most of their time in front of the the computer playing video games or computer games and chat day and night, surfing on the Internet which can lead to possibility of gaining weight. Leena Palande (2011) also mentioned, not only student, Even adults also have to spend most of their time in front of a computer, since computers have become an invariable part of every profession, business, organization and education.Use of machines in every field has reduced physical activity significantly. According to Vinci rufus (n. d. ), students are tent to spend a couple of hours in front of the monitor non-stop and not going out could also cause social problems, the most bad part of it,it will make us shy and introvert. Those who stuck to their machines all day aren't getting any exercise. As such their bodies start to be fail, especially when they opt for quick-fix meals that aren't terribly nutritious. This extends to personal hygiene, as well, as we tend not to notice our own stink, said by Matt Bird (2009). v. Cyber-c rime Cyber or internet crime can affect students’ life. There has never been a set in stone definition of cybercrime. According to Charlotte Raynor Piiggush (2008), the easiest way to difine cybercrime is any illegal activity done through or by using the internet or on the computer. Uttara Manohar (2011) also defined in his article that internet crime is a recently escalating form of crime that started with the rise of the Internet era. Any criminal activities, which is carried out through the Internet or by means of the Internet, is generally termed as Internet crime.According to Uttara Manohar (2011), there are a few types of internet crime. Here is the example of the criminal activity that indirectly can make students life chaotic. First is hacking, hacking is a process where someone attempts to exploit the security settings of a computer system is known as hacking. The hackers can hack into several websites or personal accounts and threaten the security on the Internet. E very day, students are expose to it, email to a student is a must. Sometimes, by using email is one of the way of hacking. According to M. J.Joachim (2010), Hackers use email addresses to change computer codes, often sending out messages with attachments that read and detect personal information, this always happen to students when are transferring things like bank account numbers, passwords and all sorts of personal information that they use for their own purposes. It is not uncommon for hackers to change passwords of their victim’s private Internet accountssuch as facebook account, email and others, making it impossible for victims to access their own information, simply by obtaining an email address from their prey.Another cyber crime is viruses. As mentioned by Shashank Nakate (2012), These are computer programs which have the potential to harm and give damage to a computer system. According to M. J. Joachim (2010) also said viruses cause millions of dollars in damage, lo st data and computer contamination each year. A simple email address is all it takes for savvy cyber criminals to implant dangerous viruses and spread them throughout the Internet. Suggestion Eventhough internet gives us a lot of pleasure and make our life easier, but there will always the side effect of it.If we did not monitor it properly and carefully, it will definitely make us suffer one day and then give damages to our life especially to a student. Since students is one of the biggest user of internet, they are the person who easily receive the impact. Thus, it is very important to them to know how to cope and avoid these problem. Here is some suggestion on how to combat it. i. Internet addiction One of the biggest problem of internet is web addiction. Internet can drag our time unnoticeable.As mentioned by Elizabeth Hartney (2011), one of the way is by knowing the symptoms of Internet addiction. Knowledge is the greatest thing, and knowing all the symptoms of internet addicti on will make you to evaluate your own online behavior and be aware of any symptoms that might be dragging your time. Elizabeth Hartney (2011) also emphasize to monitor your own internet usage and behavior. keep track of your internet behavior with my internet tracking form. Use the guidelines that come with it to evaluate your own internet behavior, not what you see or believe other students are doing.Drea Christopher (2010) propose to learn to limit your time carefully by keeping a timer by the computer and only allow yourself a limited amount of hours to spend on the Internet each day or week. ii. Pornography Since porn becoming more easily available through the Internet, some people may struggle with an addiction to it. So, it is very important to student to avoid it because if they continue with it, it will ruin their physical and also health. According to Katy Linsao, et al (2012) there are a few step on how to avoid it. First, make sure that you know that you are an addict.The n, find something else to do to occupy your time and mind, it is because you will not think about porn. You can manage it by going somewhere or spend time with friends. Katy et. Al. (2012) also mentioned, the best part of it is by find a support group or get qualified therapist who can provide guidance. According to Abdul Malik (2011), make sure that you are surfing web when others are around. iii. Reduced Physical Activity Since students relay so much on internet, they are tent to spend a lot of time with. Without noticing that they are actually wasting their time.But, the bad part of it is it can affect student physical problems or health. So it is very important to them to avoid it so because prevent is better that cure. There are many ways to overcome it. First, get yourself busy with other activties rather than finish your time on the internet, such as going for a movie with your friend, sports and others. Socializing is very important. The most important of it is, get some exe rcise to make yourself fit or get sweet. You also can have a hobby such as playing football, badminton, swimming and others.With it, it will divert your attraction from internet. Because if we spend continuously on the internet, we might get obesity. iv. Cyber crime Many students involve in internet crime and it affect them very much. They can take measures to decrease their risk of becoming the victim of cybercrime by adhering to a few simple Internet usage ways of rules. First, you must always remember to log off and shut down your computers when they are not being used. Cyber criminals often scan networks searching for â€Å"always on† computers, which they consider readily accessible and unattended targets.By minimizing the amount of time computers are powered on and connected to the Internet, people can reduce their vulnerability to hacking attacks. (Scot Huntsberry 2012) Next, Scot Huntsberry (2012) mentioned that users have to install and maintain both antivirus and fi rewall programs. These applications serve as a first line of defence against viruses and other malicious computer programs designed to circumvent security features within computers’ operating systems.Additionally, operating system developers regularly release updates or â€Å"patches. To increase your computer’s security, you should install these updates as soon as they become available in order to avoid cyber crime. users should never open or download email attachments from unknown senders because cyber criminals frequently disguise malicious software as images or documents attached to email messages. ( 3327 words )Reference 1. Abhijit Naik, (2011). Facebook Addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/facebook-addiction. html 2. Abdul Malik Mujahid (2011). 29 Tips for teen on how to handle Pornography. [Online]. Available: http://www. oundvision. com/info/life/porn/15tips. asp 3. Allen B. Ury, (2009). How To Do Research On The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://news. everestonline. edu/post/2009/07/research-on-the-internet 4. Ashwini Ambekar, (2008). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. articleswave. com/computer-articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-internet. html 5. Charlotte Raynor Piiggush, (2008). What is cyber crime. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1179046-cybercrime-internet-internet-crime-computer-crime-computer 6. Cody Hodge, (2010).Advantages Of internet Banking. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1926616-advantages-of-internet-banking 7. Deepa Kartha, (2010). Computer Addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/computer-addiction. html 8. Edward James, (2010). The Advantages Of The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1860355-the-advantages-of-the-internet 9. Kaiz Kairen, (2009). 10 Most Comman Uses Of Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. sooperarticles. com/internet-articles/1 0-most-common-uses-internet-19405. html 10. Jayashree pakhare, (2011).Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-disadvantages-internet. html 11. Jane Demerica, (2009). Negative Effects of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1357121-negative-effects-of-the-internet 12. Joanna Saisan, et al. (2012). Internet and Computer Addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. helpguide. org/mental/internet_cybersex_addiction. htm 13. Katy Linsao et. Al. (2012). How to deal with porn addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. wikihow. com/Deal-With-Porn-Addiction 14. Leena Palande, (2011).Morbid Obesity Causes. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/morbid-obesity-causes. html 15. Elisabeth Deffner (n. d. ). The Pornography Problem. [Online]. Available: http://www. listenmagazine. org/article/37/archive/the-pornography-problem 16. Lifesitenews. com, (2002). Study Proves â€Å"Pornogra phy Is Harmful†. [Online]. Available: http://www. lifesitenews. com/news/archive//ldn/2002/mar/02031203 17. Matt Bird, (2009). Negative effect of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1494952-negative-effects-of-the-internet 18. Mansi Chitranshi, (2009).Benefits of Shopping Online. [Online]. Available: http://www. articleswave. com/shopping-articles/benefits-of-shopping-online. html 19. Matt Remley, (2010). The Advantages Of The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1938399-advantages-of-the-internet 20. M. J. Joanchim, (2010). Internet email crime and security information. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1952123-cyberstalking-email-crime-internet-crime-fraud-identity-theft-internet-crime-prevention 21. Rahul Pandita, (2011). Negative Effects of Internet on Children. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. om/articles/negative-effects-of-the-internet-on-children. html 22. Ram Gupta, (2012). Real Benefits Of Online Shopping. [Online]. Available: http://article-niche. com/launch/Real-Benefits-Of-Online-Shopping. htm 23. Scot Huntsberry, (2012). Avoid Becoming a Victim of Cybercrime. [Online]. Available: http://www. freedomfromfearmagazine. org/index. php? option=com_content;view=article;id=310:avoid-becoming-a-victim-of-cybercrime;catid=50:issue-7;Itemid=187 24. Stephen Cook, (2010). The Advantages Of The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1941715-the-advantages-of-the-internet 5. Shashank Nakate, (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of email. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-email. html 26. Uttara Manohar, (2011). Internet Crime. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/internet-crime. html 27. Vinci Rufus, (n. d. ). Computer And Video Games: The Pros and Cons. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/editorials/2-27-2004-51038. asp 28. Vibhuti Arora (2006). 10 Good things about the internet. [Online]. Available: http://gulfnews. com/life-style/people/10-good-things-about-the-internet-1. 24548 . .

Database Design, Implementation, and Management - 2233 Words

ABSTRACT Database Design, Implementation, and Management — Gymnasium Database System As the world entering into a digital era, most of organizations use different kinds of database environment to achieve efficient management. A suitable database management system provides a set of tools for an organization to efficiently track and manage its data. The development of a database follows a database application lifecycle. It is a rather long process and requires a considerable amount of time, energy, and resources as well. A database administrator is obliged to strive for the perfection of the database to address the increasing amount of information to be dealt with. Apart from that, since new technology keeps emerging,†¦show more content†¦Example of creating procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦..25 Figure 11. The process of Test First Development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...27 Figure 12. FullLog backup strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ..†¦... 31 List of Tables Table 1. Example of entity types †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 Table 2. Example of relationship types †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦15 Table 3. Example of attribute list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Table 4. Example of transaction list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Table 5. Example of physical data model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 1. Introduction For any organization the collection and storage of data have always been a primary concern. Large organizations nowadays use a database system to address this task. However, the earliest solution is a file-based system, and it is still in use in many small firms today. File-based system is a set of application programs that provides services for users to keep and process data. Each program is independent and can define and manage its own data. When users need to look up some information, they go to the filing system and search from the first entry until the desired result is found. Although the file-based system can be an effective approach sometime, it does suffer from two detrimental problems: ↠ Isolation of data. When stored in a file-based system, data is kept within separate files in an isolated manner. It would be a rather difficult task when users want to access relevant information from two different files. ↠Show MoreRelated251143950 Database Systems Design Implementation And Management Coronel 11th Edition Test Bank Pdf4106 Words   |  17 PagesDatabase Systems Design, Implementation and Management Coronel 11th Edition Test Bank Click here to download the test bank INSTANTLY!!! http://www.solutionsmanualtestbank.com/products/2014/12/8/database -systems-design-implementation-and-management-coronel-11thedition-test-bank Database Systems Database Systems Database Systems Test Bank Database Systems Test Bank Design, Implementation and Management Coronel 11th Edition Test Bank Design, Implementation and Management Coronel 11th Edition TestRead MoreMicrosoft Azure Sql Database Analysis893 Words   |  4 PagesMicrosoft Azure SQL Database: Microsoft Azure SQL Database is a cloud database service of Microsoft’s. I have worked with MSSQL Database during my job. Now I want to learn advance technology which is Sql Azure. In SQL Azure you have to use SQL Server authentication instead of Integrated Security. When you work with SQL Azure you don t need to spend any time on security patches, disk space, moving databases between different servers to handle increased load, etc. †¢ Real time database system: Real-timeRead MoreEvolution of Data Models1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of Data Models The quest for better data management has led to different models that attempt to resolve the file system’s critical shortcomings. Because each data model evolved from its predecessors, it is essential to examine the major data models in roughly chronological order. 1.1 The Hierarchical Model A Hierarchical Database Model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure. 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The Wrestling Of Amateur Wrestling - 1178 Words

First traces of local wrestling was 5 thousand years ago, during the Sumerians era. It was also reported that they fought with music There are also archaeological evidence that there was also wrestling in Ancient Egypt. This is were the first evidence of wrestling rules and refereeing. The Greek were the next to use wrestling, they used it more as a science and art. The athletes wrestled naked, covered in olive oil. This is the first representation of amateur wrestling we see today, as matches wee won when one competitor was sent down onto his back, hips, chest, keen or elbows. This was the first regional diffusion of wrestling as it spread across Greece as competitions were held all across the country. Amateur wrestling was one of the†¦show more content†¦During the Middle Ages and Renaissance wrestle was only done among the elite members, mainly in castles. The printing press was created in 1500, in 1512 the first wrestling manual was formed, it included how to make holds, rules, and it was in colour. The printing press allowed the manual to be spread all across Europe, amongst the rich. It has been documented that King Francis I beat King Henry VIII of England in a wrestling match in 1520, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Since then amateur wrestling has diffused to the USA, where it is a highly competitive sport in High school and college. Similarly it diffused to Russia and become a highly played sport. With the 1st national wrestling tournament occurring in the USA, New York City on 1888, and Saint Louis, MO is host to the first wrestling competition of our modern Olympic Games (1904). A reason why USA is one of the most dominant forces in wrestling is because it become the national body of Amateur Wrestling in 1983. Wrestling has diffused to Australia at a national scale, firstly in Canberra at the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). It has since spread across Australia to Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and more locally Perth. With wrestling schools in all the capital cities, with at least one school linked to the Australian government. The an example of local diffusion of wrestling is the Westling Western Australia (figure 1.0), which is

The Anti Vaccine Movement Paper - 1004 Words

Pierce Kurek Anti-Vaccine Movement Paper 4 September 2016 The first argument that I found compelling – in the manner that someone with little formal training in science might be susceptible to – was the claim that there are unnatural and dangerous chemicals and poisons in vaccines. Through looking at a short list provided by the Healthy Home Economist, you can see things that would make any parent nervous: formaldehyde, aluminum, mercury, antifreeze, and many more. These are dangerous chemicals, and the anti-vaccine movement argues that they should not be injected into the bloodstreams of children, which sounds absolutely reasonable. However, the key here is dosage. A large dose of anything can be dangerous; you can drown in water, or have your kidneys fail incurring hyponatremia if you drink too much water without replenishing sodium lost through sweat during intense exercise. The same principle occurs here. Formaldehyde is ever present in day to day life. It is found in car exhaust, household products such as carpets, upholstery, and paint, and even in cough drops and mouthwash. In low doses, it is not harmful. Aluminum is also consumed on a daily basis, with the average adult consuming 30 to 50 mg per day through food, drinking water, and medicines. Vaccines that contain aluminum typically contain .125 to .625mg, which is only 1% of what is consumed daily regardless of vaccination. Mercury is perhaps the easiest to dismiss, as it naturally exists in breast milk andShow MoreRelatedVaccination Of A Doctor s Office1064 Words   |  5 Pagesof vaccines; Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Subunit vaccines, and Conjugate vaccines. The first type of vaccine is the live, attenuated vaccine, which fights viruses. Examples of these types of vaccines include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. The second type of vaccine is the inactive vaccine, which also fight viruses. 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Because of this uncertainty, disgruntled parents have chosen to believe ideas with no scientificRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Measles Vaccine1133 Words   |  5 PagesPoking is Optional In 1998, British medical journal The Lancet, published a research paper written by Dr. Andrew Wakefield and his research partners. This particular paper stated that there was a direct link between autism, Gastrointestinal Decease and the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. It concluded that a specific mercury based preservative found in the vaccine caused neurological damage to some children (Wakefield). Numerous doctors and researchers of all kinds tried to duplicateRead MoreBenefits Of Getting Vaccinated Far Out Weigh The Risks Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: In recent years there has been a movement against giving vaccines to children, that now has nearly 40% of parents in the United States following along. But it is due to these vaccines that most children today have never experienced diseases such as polio or the measles such as their grandparents have. Since they have not seen these diseases, parents feel it is unnecessary to vaccinate them for fear of developing the possible side effects or because of reports they cause autism.Read MoreThe Epidemic Of The Anti Vaccination Movement861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epidemic of the Anti-Vaccination Movement In 1988, 350,000 cases of polio, an incurable virus that can cause permanent paralysis or death, were reported. In 2014, only 359 cases were reported (â€Å"Poliomyelitis†). The reason for this dramatic decline in cases was a global initiative to vaccinate children and eradicate the virus. No longer did parents have to warn their children away from crowded areas or swimming pools for fear of their child contracting polio. 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An Analysis of Societal Conditions for Topography- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss aboutAn Analysis of Societal Conditions for Topography. Answer: Society is defined as a collective class of people bounded by certain societal relations. The people are characterized in having shared similarities in culture, languages, topography, religious affiliation and in the way of life (Hall, 2013). The essay outlines the fact to demonstrate social knowledge to reach upon an effective conclusion on the highly debated topic that whether human beings are autonomous free agents or are they conditioned and constrained by society. A discussion about the various types of constraints placed by society upon the lives of humans to stop them from being free autonomous agents has been explored in this essay to highlight the subject of this debated issue (Gelfand, 2012). In sociology, society is studied based on comparison and differentiation. From time immemorial, sociologists have categorized societies as first world, second world and third world based on living standards, modernization and per capita income. The modern concepts of sociology further categorizes society into post- industrial society, capitalist society, industrial society, knowledge society and many other such categorizations (Thompson, Hickey Thompson, 2016). Human beings are considered the most civilized unit residing in a society. In a society, humans live in close harmony and partnership with the other flora and fauna. Humans have come a long way from learning to lit fire to sending space missions in the universe. Undoubtedly, with this, humans have shown that almost nothing is unachievable through their industrious nature. Human beings definitely have the skills of courteous manners, quick rationale, the ability to quickly evolve and execute a plan, inculcate interesting hobbies and many more, but they are not free autonomous agents. They do not possess the complete liberty to do anything they want. In that case, a wild animal or a bird is freer than a human is. No wonder how much the world becomes an ideal place to live, there will always be certain constraints imposed by the society (Urry, 2012). In a way, human beings can be said to be the sweet puppets of society. From birth, human beings are subjected to the process of social conditioning. Little children are taught by their parents and their teachers as to what is socially acceptable and what is socially unacceptable. Children are expected to conduct their behavioral norms in accordance with the social norms. They are expected to attend and complete their school terms, college terms and even they opt for higher studies through the qualification of the required examination papers. It would be terribly unacceptable if they fail to follow the above course of life. Society would shun any non-followers and would brand them as social outcasts. It really does not matter whether the child has any other dreams or does not want to pursue the conventional educational course by heart. Society does not care and never delays to impose the constraints. After that, it becomes the sole objective in the life of a child, as he or she grows up. Society would not accept a wayward life. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constrained by society (Archer, 2013). After the completion of the educational phase, humans enter the professional phase. In the professional phase, they are again constrained by the society to conduct their work life in accordance with the organizational policies. Failure to do so would seriously jeopardize the career of an individual. In addition to this, an individual is expected to have a career. Unfortunately, the social status of a person depends upon acquired financial possession, which can be only be done by earning an income through honest means. This is the undefined rule of the society. Unlike animals, if a person just passes his life without doing anything substantial, then it becomes socially unacceptable. According to the societal norms, a person must be educationally qualified and must find an occupation where he or she can utilize the earned knowledge. A person not having a planned professional life earns nothing but disrespect. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constrained by society (Treiman, 2013). Simultaneously, with the constraint in the educational and professional course of life, human beings are also bounded by society to marry and have a family. A person who refuses to conform to the connubial norms of the society is not looked favorably in a society. The institution of marriage no doubt helps to stabilize the society and create a proper system of propinquity. It also places certain restrictions on the lives of both men and women, especially of women, in a subtle way. Unlike animals, human beings after being wedded are expected to live and behave in a certain societal manner. Moreover, it is always been the accepted norm that when two humans get married, they should live a happy life with shared responsibilities in finances, housekeeping, parenting of children, marital duties and others. Society does not sympathize with the victims of broken marriage or relationship. Therefore, it can be said that humans are not autonomous free agents but they are conditioned and constra ined by society (Beach Fincham, 2013). Thereby, from the discussion attempted in the above analysis, it can be concluded that society constantly places constraints at every step in the life of a human being to make them social puppets. No matter the level of advancement, that takes place in a society, these societal constraints would not go away from the lives of humans. Externally, it might seem that humans enjoy a perfect life of roses in the 21st century. Nonetheless, when inspection is done closely, it becomes evident that in reality, human society is a life full of painful thorns. Society is made up by humans. It can then be said that humans themselves are intolerant of other humans. Under the disguise of society, they place certain constraints on the lives of their fellow humans and cease them from being autonomous free agents. References Archer, M. S. (2013).Social origins of educational systems. Routledge. Beach, S. R., Fincham, F. D. (2013). Toward an integrated model of negative affectivity in marriage.The Heart Of The Matter: Perspectives On Emotion In Marital: Perspectives On Emotion In Marital Therapy, 227. Gelfand, M. J. (2012). Cultures constraints: International differences in the strength of social norms.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21(6), 420-424. Hall, J. R. (Ed.). (2013).Civil society: Theory, history, comparison. John Wiley Sons. Thompson, W. E., Hickey, J. V., Thompson, M. L. (2016).Society in focus: An introduction to sociology. Rowman Littlefield. Treiman, D. J. (2013).Occupational prestige in comparative perspective. Elsevier. Urry, J. (2012).Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge.

The Truman Doctrine free essay sample

According to womb. Historiographers. Co. UK/ Truman_doctrine, The Truman doctrine happened March 12, 1947. It was a speech by President Harry S. Truman. The Truman Doctrine gave economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey because they were threatened by communism. At this point in time there was already a policy trying to contain communism called the Containment Policy. The Containment Policy was a reaction to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand communist influence in Eastern European, China, Korea, and Vietnam.Similar to the containment policy the Truman doctrine of the United States was to support free people who are resisting being conquered by armed minorities or by outside pressures, which was said directly by President Truman. Truman had to convince congress that a crisis in two far away countries would threaten the security of the United States, and that four hundred million dollars was needed to save Greece and Turkey. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truman Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was going to be a very difficult task because the republicans had gotten into power in 1946 by cutting taxes and aid to overseas. Students Truman, Secretary of State George Marshall and undersecretary Dean Achaeans, who later became secretary of state, had to figure out a way to get America to understand that they needed to aid Greece and Turkey. Truman, Marshall, and Achaeans were among the most influential people in congress. Cohesions loyalty and coaching certainly raised Traumas confidence in foreign affairs but also elevated the authority of the brilliant entrepreneur at his side (Besides 106). The two mens partnership had much to do with the success and clarity of Traumas foreign policy (Besides 106).Dean Achaeans devised the policy, and wrote the request to congress for aid to Greece and Turkey. A speech that stressed the dangers or totalitarianism rather than Soviet aggression and marked fundamental change in American foreign policy has become known as the Truman Doctrine. Achaeans said If the Soviets can win in Greece and in Turkey then they would be in a position where there would be soviet pressure on Italy, on the Mediterranean, and once that pressure was established there would pressure Western Europe and pretty soon the United States would be standing alone. Achaeans figured he only way to get the republicans i n congress and the Americans on board for sending aid overseas was to scare the everyone. Scare them in the sense that if they do not send aid overseas that the United States would be alone and wouldnt have allies because they can potentially be conquered by communism spread by the Soviet Union. The beginning of the Truman Doctrine, President Truman began to outline the situation in Greece. He told congress Greece must have assistance if it is going to survive as a free nation, and become a self-supporting and a self-respecting democracy.Truman explained that without help Greece would shortly fall to communism and if Greece fell to communism Turkey would not be far behind. The key part of President Traumas speech was to explain and justify his change if foreign policy to congress. In order to do this he reminded congress that the Ignited States has fought World War II and joined the United Nations to protect freedom and democracy. Next he told congress that communism was growing. President Truman defined the Cold War as a conflict between good and bad, as a choice between capitalism and communism, as dictatorship and necromancy.Truman believed it must be the policy of the United States to support countries who resisted communism. Undersecretary Dean Achaeans explained to Truman that if the United states let one country fall to communism the surrounding countries would also fall to communism like dominoes. After Achaeans explain this to Truman, Truman then introduced that idea to the rest of the congress and American people, according to http:// history. State. Gob/departmentally/ Truman. The Truman Doctrine basically led into the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was to contain communism by eloping the economies of Europe to get stimulated again. The Cold War could have ended much worse if congress did not let the United States spend four hundred million dollars and aid Greece and Turkey. The Cold War could have only been avoided only if the Soviet Union had not been possessed by the convictions both of the infallibility of the communist world and of the inevitability of the communist world (Bellman 131). The Truman Doctrine is a primary source. It is a primary source because it was a speech by the president that is on video and there were many witnesses.It was a fact that he Soviet Union was trying to spread communism and it can be proven by government documents and policies. The Truman Doctrine is also an extremely reliable source because it is a proven fact that the United States President Harry S. Truman did make the speech and the United States did offer aid to Greece and Turkey so they did not fall to communism. One can find the Truman Document in the government archives today. Considering the fact that this was by the President of the United States it was written and spoken in the English language therefore, none of it was interpreted wrong. The Truman Doctrine free essay sample President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of Its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U. S. Historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. Moreover, it served as a precedent for future U. S. Logic of interventionism. According to Stephen Ambrose, an important quote from Traumas speech, l believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures, stands as all encompassing and would define American policy for the next generation and beyond. l Faced with Strong opposition, Truman Was still able to achieve a consensus in Congress aimed at quelling the communist threat through active foreign policy and involvement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truman Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Truman Doctrine not only demonstrated the new foreign policy of the U. S. But also helps to explain American foreign policy since the Doctrines inception. At the end of World War II, the military and foreign policies of the White House were moving in opposite directions. Militarily, the U. S. Adopted a position of rapid demutualization after the war. Meanwhile, Truman had a strong desire to meet the communist threat head on. Congress, however, did not share Traumas view of needing to meet the Communist challenge wherever it appeared. For example, Senator Robert Taft, a prominent Republican senator, expressed the current mood when he objected to any attempt by the Administration to divide the world into communist and anti- communist zones, for he did not want war with the Soviet Union. As for the sentiment of the American public, there was no denying that the majority of the American people did not want to embark on a Crusade. With opposition from not only the American public but also from Congress, President Truman had to take action in order to convince Americans of the reality of the Soviet threat, in addition to the threat of communism in general.In fact, Truman was even told that he would need to scare the hell out of the American people. He did just that with the Truman Doctrine. Truman showed the American people a legitimate threat to their way of life by creating the idea of us-versus-them, th e communist way of life versus the American capitalist lifestyle. From that point on, everyone was classified as either a IS. S. Supporter or as a communist. The Truman Doctrine fulfilled the American desire for all wars to be epic battles between light and darkness, good versus evil, which in the end unified most dissenters to Traumas cause.Nevertheless, the stipulations outlined in the Truman Doctrine did not accurately depict the development Of American society. In 1947, the U. S. Was a place of free institutions, representative government, and freedom of religion, in which society direction was strongly influenced by the will of the majority. However, the U. S. Was not a place that guaranteed individual liberties for everyone nor freedom from oppression. Yet even if Traumas words were not an accurate depiction of the direction of American society, they undoubtedly affected its progress.The Truman Doctrine facilitated future foreign entanglements such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War, which were justified by the need to defend inherent freedoms of foreigners, even though the freedoms of Americas own citizens were not guaranteed for all. Surely, when black soldiers were sent to these places of conflict to help fight for the freedoms of others, freedoms that they themselves did not possess at home, the irony did not go unnoticed. Another example of the Truman Doctrines inconsistencies with American society is found in the witch hunts of Senator Joseph McCarthy.Once again, while Truman spoke of protecting other peoples of the world from political oppression, he did not rotate US. Citizens from those very oppressions. In the Tidings Committee Report, which criticized McCarthy, it is written that: The spectacle (McCarthy) is one we would expect in a totalitarian nation where the rights of the individual are crushed beneath the juggernaut of static and oppression; it has no place in America where government exists to serve people, not to destroy them. S This statement demonstrates the extent of the problem in American society just a few years after Truman gave his speech concerning the superior freedoms present in the American way of life. Although developments in American society contradicted what Truman articulated in his 1 947 doctrine, the ideals he highlighted are, and have always been, ones that Americans like to think are deeply rooted in what it means to be a U. S. Citizen living in the land of the free. At the time Truman gave his speech, the three most important factors influencing his policy formation were the American monopoly on the atomic bomb, the disastrous state of Western Europe due to World War II, and the domino effect. It is debatable whether or not the U. S. Monopoly on the atomic bomb in the late 1 sass really put Americans at an advantage when dealing with the Soviets, however, its effect on the formation of U. S. Foreign policy is not. The creation of the atomic bomb, coupled with the idea that the Soviets could get their hands on this weapon, amplified the consequences of going to war with the Soviet Union.In fact, it alluded to the possible mutual destruction of the U. S. And the U. S. S. R. , as well as the planet, in doomsday scenarios feared by many. The state of Europe at the time was also an important factor because if the LLC . S. Did not take on the communist challenge there would be no one left to defend the free world. Since Western Europe played that same role earlier during both World Wars, it was time for the U. S. To take over, as Western Europe was devastated by WI.